A Synopsis of the Movie I, Robot Essay

I generally inquired as to whether those anecdotes about robots defeating mankind will turn out to be genuine. Science fiction books are being my top picks since I was a child and I observed each significant film about this subject. My top choices is â€Å"I, robot† that recounts to the tale of a general public later on that depends on robots for all its residential exercises, however by one way or another one of those robots got mindful of his own self and began to build up a brain, yet generally significant, a spirit. The robot began to build up a feeling of what is good and bad, and not on the grounds that some program introduced in its memory or a calculation convention of requests, it started settling on choices not founded on directions or learning accidentally process, yet via looking through profound on its â€Å"heart† what was the correct activity. The robot’s name is Calvin and the film, featured by Will Smith, depends on a lot of short stories by Isaac Asimov, productive author thought about an ace in hard sci-fi. On his â€Å"I, robot† short stories, one of them named â€Å"Three Law of Robotic†, and which he thought about his top level input to mankind of things to come (Asimov composed the book on 1950), he concocted three laws that he figured a future society must contribution on robots so as to exist together with them as a feature of their step by step living. Those laws are: 1. A robot may not harm an individual or, through inaction, permit a person to come to hurt. 2. A robot must comply with the requests given to it by individuals, aside from where such requests would strife with the First Law. 3. A robot must secure its own reality as long as such insurance doesn't strife with the First or Second Laws. These laws appear to be extremely fundamental, however their rationale truly doesn’t have any holes, in any event from the start impression. At the point when Calvin (the robot) experiences a contention with those orders, he began to build up its man-made consciousness and getting increasingly human. At the point when Calvin is in a circumstance that its deactivation will be hurtful for his two human companions, he chose to battle for his reality, and another period of robots was conceived. Like Asimov there are a few creators and researchers that anticipated a future where robots and computerized reasoning are a major piece of society. Furthermore, they have motivations to accept on this. After the Industrial Revolution occurred, we have being scanning for increasingly gainful approaches to build fabricate. Industrialization and large scale manufacturing levels request better, quicker and more brilliant plans to fulfill the more prominent interest of devour based social orders. To accomplish those critical objectives, innovation and uncommonly mechanical autonomy is utilized increasingly more regularly. A few plants are made uniquely on robots that manufacture gear parts or procedure food in a manner no human can do. Significant organizations know where we are going and put increasingly more in automated innovation and man-made reasoning, similar to we read in the accompanying reference of the article of Nicholas Carr â€Å"Is Google Making us Stupid?†: â€Å"Where does it end? Sergey Brin and Larry Page, the skilled youngsters who established Google while seeking after doctoral degrees in software engineering at Stanford, talk every now and again of their cra ving to transform their web index into a man-made brainpower, a HAL-like machine that may be associated straightforwardly to our minds. â€Å"The extreme web index is something as savvy as peopleâ€or smarter,† Page said in a discourse a couple of years back. â€Å"For us, chipping away at search is an approach to take a shot at fake intelligence.† In a 2004 meeting with Newsweek, Brin stated, â€Å"Certainly in the event that you had all the world’s data straightforwardly joined to your cerebrum, or a counterfeit mind that was more brilliant than your cerebrum, you’d be better off.† Last year, Page told a show of researchers that Google is â€Å"really attempting to assemble man-made brainpower and to do it on an enormous scale.†Ã¢â‚¬  There is no uncertainty for me that there is where robots will be all over the place: Some robots may be performing exact heart medical procedures, controlling traffic and regulated appropriate travel in the city, cleaning our homes as residential assistance or possibly showing English Composition at the neighborhood Community College (no offense to Ms. Patrice Fleck), however let’s be prepared if some time or another they become mindful of their own reality, giving the following stage on their advancement as metallic creatures. Let’s trust that their expectations towards us are connected to the Three Laws of Robotic specified by Asimov, they could be the distinction between our endurance and concurrence, or our absolute obliteration.

Racism in Things Fall Apart Essay Example

Bigotry in Things Fall Apart Paper Bigotry has existed all through mankind's history. The conviction all individuals from each race share organically transmitted characteristics that numerous individuals think about significant. it is additionally recognized as being sub-par or better than another race, or races. Race and ethnicity is made by society. Our general public is characterized by having a specific arrangement of physical attributes so as to be an individual from a given race. Initially all people on the planet had a place with one of the other of these unadulterated races. The United States is a nation that is as racially and ethnically differing as any on the planet. The individuals from the U.S. society consider racial contrasts more significant than individuals of numerous different nations. In the United States since its initial history, Native Americans, Africans and Europeans were considered to have a place with various races. The significance and implications of race contrast here and there, and furth ermore change after some time. The epic â€Å"Things Fall Apart,† composed by a nigerian creator; Chinua Achebe, recounts to the account of a Nigerian clan being colonized by the British. This epic to a great extent fills in as a reaction to supremacist generalizations of Africans. All through the book, the Igbo individuals are colonized and their way of life is then taken over by the english. Okonkwo, in the story, was very notable all through the 9 towns. He carried respect to the town. Tragically, Okonkwo murdered himself toward the finish of the book, which made things â€Å"fall apart.† He needed to keep himself attached to his religion and his convictions, and not overlook his way of life. Ending it all was a path for him to defy the standard of the Christian culture. Okonkwo would consider himself to be his clan as coming up short. He thought his clan got feeble, and will not, at this point have the option to battle its foes. Thus, he slaughtered himself since he would prefer to kick the bucke t than live in a world managed by white men. The town was not prepared to adjust to the progressions that were coming, which was the most troublesome change We will compose a custom article test on Racism in Things Fall Apart explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom paper test on Racism in Things Fall Apart explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom paper test on Racism in Things Fall Apart explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer

8 Social Media Trends to Watch

8 Social Media Trends to Watch As a social media user, how current are you in terms of tools and methods? Are you aware of the changing trends?Social media is the place where everything happens.Do you want the latest news? Check social media. The latest fashion? Check social media. The latest celebrity gossip? Check social media.This means that for anything new to be embraced, it has to go through social media.And if social media is the place for new stuff, then you cannot be using it through old methods. At least not if you expect to gain or maintain “likes” and followersâ€"the main metrics for social media success.Whether you’re just a consumer or a business, you need to be aware of what is trending. As with technology, falling behind on trends has negative effects.SOCIAL MEDIA TRENDS TO WATCHIt’s said that the only thing that is constant is change. Though quite an oxymoron, the statement is true in that, change will always be present.And since change brings benefits, it’s important to adapt in good ti me before the new becomes old.What is trending on social media right now is not very new.Much of it has existed for at least a couple of years though not widely embraced. In some instances, this is due to little awareness among users.In others, like virtual reality, costly hardware is the reason behind the small numbers.Yet some features of social media as well as some user behavior and preferences are growing in popularity.Here are the trends you should be on the lookout for to stay relevant.1. Focus on Micro InfluencersInfluencers are a necessary factor to consider, especially for marketing and public relations purposes. These are the people who have a sizable following on social media.Being in an agreement with you, they’ll use their influence to help market the products or services you offer.They do this not as normal advertisements would but as people who have experienced your products.As such, they are more believable because they are seen to speak out of experience.For a lo ng time, marketers have been focusing on celebrity influencers. Anyone with millions of followers always seemed the best person to help push a brand forward.As good as big numbers are, slowly, the problem with celebrity influencers has come to the fore.The millions of followers are merely fans.They are people looking for updates about the celebrities. As such, they don’t really follow their recommendations for certain products or brands.This is where micro-influencers come in. They are not celebrities though they are well known. Not so much as to have millions of followers on social media but just enough to have an engaged audience.And the biggest difference between these two influencer types?Micro-influencers are more connected to their followers than celebrities. Source: MediumHere are a few benefits to using micro-influencers:1. Very relatable â€" when you look at the flow of communication between micro-influencers and their followers, you’ll realize there’s a relationship. It’s not just about posting updates and getting likes and comments. Real conversations happen.As opposed to macro-influencers, micro-influencers usually tackle specific topics or industries.Their expertise in the industry makes them the go-to people for information and advice. This is what makes them more effective.2. Very affordable â€" with a smaller number of followers and no celebrity status, micro-influencers are relatively cheaper than macro-influencers. Whereas the bigger accounts might boast of millions of followers, micro-influencers might only have several thousand followers.But going by the results they bring, the overall success of your campaign increases due to the reduced cost.Your marketing budget gets some savings which can be utilized elsewhere depe nding on your marketing strategy.3. Higher engagement and conversions â€" it’s only automatic that if there is higher engagement, there will be higher conversions. This is the hallmark of micro-influencers. The deeper connection they have with their followers generates more conversions. Source: Referral Rock2. Social ListeningSocial listening is generally known to be the monitoring of mentions of your brand and it’s products and services.This is mainly for PR, customer care and marketing purposes. This is something more businesses are taking up.The benefits are many.Who wouldn’t want to avoid a bad reputation resulting from negative comments by complaining customers?Social listening helps brands respond to customers quickly. This is a good thing.However, it’s worth noting that social listening can potentially be harmful for social media users. The advances in technology allow brands to “listen too much.”All forms of marketing rely on one thing: knowledge of the target audience.If you don’t conduct market research, then your campaigns might turn out to be a waste of resources. You must know who you are targeting.Their age, gender, race, religion, social habits and a host of other variables which differ from person to person and even location to location.T his is the information which Facebook and Google have and it makes them very powerful.In other words, today, information about people is what makes you powerful.You know why?Because it enables you to tap into their minds.Businesses can collect user information and use them for commercial purposes in ways many users wouldn’t be comfortable with.“This is also known as “targeted advertising”, and it definitely happens to you too! If you don’t believe us, try searching the internet for something you have never searched for before. Then, log into Facebook and look at the advertisements that pop up for you. Are they similar to what you searched for? The answer is probably yes.”  Towards Data ScienceIf you’re just a social media user and not into business, social listening can be quite invasive of your privacy. This is why you need to understand what businesses do with your personal information.If you’re a business using social listening, be sure to tell your customers what you’re doing with their data in your “Terms and Conditions.”Also, in your “Cookie Policy,” you should provide any relevant information.To start you off, here are some social listening tools you can use.3. Social Media E-CommerceThe whole idea of doing business is selling.And with customers flocking to social media platforms, it’s only logical that selling will follow them there.What’s more, social listening gathers information to understand customers for marketing purposes.So, what’s being marketed? And what’s the reason for marketing? Isn’t it to sell?Snapchat has e-commerce options in its app. Instagram has an in-app checkout feature which enables users to make purchases without leaving the app.Facebook is also working on e-commerce.The intention is to make selling/purchasing possible directly on the platform.At the core however, the real intention is to keep users on the platform for longer. This will increase their revenue.For your brand, you will need to ta ke this route in case you still haven’t. Social media users will not leave their platforms to visit your website so as to buy from you.So instead of just posting company updates, move towards selling. You can start by creating a Facebook Shop Page.Watch the below video to see how to do that. 4. Live StreamingVideo content is no longer an exclusive of the big brands who produce it in HD using professional cameras.Videos are now the norm in the online world and producers are as varied as the viewers themselves.In fact, with viewers also becoming producers, the number of online videos is set to increase.But what’s taking social media by storm is not just video content. It is live-streamed video. This is fueled mainly by:Widespread use of smartphones â€" the inclusion of professional-grade cameras into smartphones has made everyone a potential video producer. Moreover, no-one is paying attention to all the high quality, perfect editing which used to be done before.Many smartphones c an now shoot HD quality videos.And for live streaming, you can now do it anywhere you can go with your smartphone.As long as you and your smartphone are present, your followers can have a live streaming session.The immediacy of live videos â€" one of the reasons people love social media is the fact that information is constantly getting updated. From the news to gossip, technological advances to new entertainment. It’s all about getting new information quicklyâ€"or first.When you do a live stream session, the logged on viewers get the chance to be updated first. If you had informed them about it, they know you have something to share and so stick around.There is also a connection that happens when your viewers interact with you in real time.5. Augmented RealityAugmented Reality and Virtual Reality are the newest technologies to be embraced by marketers. And this is for a good reason. Virtual Reality changes your environment completely by “transporting” you to a new world.Augme nted Reality however works in a slightly different way. It doesn’t change your world in any significant way. But it greatly enhances it.It mostly works by adding something or some things to your environment. It’s like adding a map on a table and showing someone where the coffee shop is.This is far better than directing them using words alone.As simplistic as that may sound, the possibilities are almost infinite. Here is an example to show you how practical AR can be.A Furniture-Buying ExperienceWhat would you do if you were to buy a new sofa?Maybe you’re replacing your current one or you moved to a bigger house and now you have extra space. Would you rush to the furniture store and buy the best you can afford?Budgets aside, there is one thing you’ll need to think about.How much space are you looking to fill? An alternative question would be, “Will the sofa you have in mind fit in the intended space?”IKEA understood the dilemma many customers found themselves in. They dev eloped a solution for their customers so that this headache would be non-existent.And with technology all around them, they didn’t hesitate to choose Augmented Reality as the means to the solution.Using a smartphone, customers can take a piece of furniture and superimpose it on the space they intend to fill. The furniture shows in full size taking the space into consideration.If it fits, then you can buy. If it doesn’t, you keep shopping. Here is a video of how it works. Snapchat has made the use of AR very popular. Many even use AR without knowing the technology behind it.Snapchat filters have been used by many to come up with artificial looks by adding elements on top of their faces. In some cases, their faces get a small change in order to fit the filters.Facebook, Instagram and Snapchat see AR as a big income earner. That can only mean that they will push for it. And as businesses take it up, so will users. If you want to stay current, think about ditching plain old still ph otos.The use of AR is increasing because of the engagement levels it produces. A look at a few stats shows this:By end of 2018, over 250,000 Snapchat lenses (filters) had been submitted by developers. These have been viewed over 15 billion times on the platform.The use of Taco Bell’s Cinco de Mayo Snapchat filter is the biggest in the company’s history. It garnering 224 million views in a single day.The VR/AR market has been predicted to get to $108 billion by 2021. Out of this, mobile AR will be responsible for $83 billion of that market.If mobile will dominate that market, and mobile devices are the most used to access social media, then you know what to familiarize yourself with.6. Ephemeral ContentThis is the kind of content that is temporary in nature. On Facebook, this is called “Stories.” Taking the cue from Snapchat, Facebook popularized it and now it’s a hit.Ephemeral posts get deleted automatically after a short period of time. The most common time frame is 24 ho urs.Instead of posting something on your wall, you can make such posts which won’t last longer than 1 day.Ephemeral posts also work like status updates. So when you get notified of someone “adding to their story,” it’s an invitation to know what the person is up to at that moment.You may wonder what benefit these may have on your social media experience.Well, ever heard of the Fear Of Missing Out (FOMO)?That’s what is behind the popularity of these short-lived posts.Social media users feel pressed for time to interact with these posts before they disappear. They want to have watched that video, seen that picture, commented on it, shared etc. while it still lasts.7. Earning and Regaining TrustBeing a place of sharing information, social media platforms are generally expected to keep user information secure.Although people rarely read the terms and conditions given, they assume that their information is safe. Many of them don’t even know that their information is shared wi th third parties.Trust is crucial for social media. Just as businesses don’t want hackers on their networks, you also don’t want your private data to be available to the same hackers.As mentioned in the section about social listening, in today’s world, information is priceless. It is the new gold.2018 was not a good year for Facebook as far as data breaches are concerned. Early in 2019, it emerged that users of both Facebook and Instagram had had their passwords stored in plain text.This brought about concerns that the social media giant was not putting enough security measures in place.Although these were not accessible to outsidersâ€"at least as far as it was reportedâ€"still, it was unacceptable.Do you know what your information could be used to do if in the hands of the wrong people?A good answer can be found in the Cambridge Analytica scandal. Personal information was allegedly used to manipulate American voters. Watch the below video to find out how it happened. Obviousl y, Facebook has been working hard to regain trust. Every other platform is working hard to guarantee security.The challenge here is that the bad guys always seem to discover some weaknesses in the system. And once they do, they eagerly take advantage of them.To this end, watch for news and updates on what your favorite platform is doing to ensure user information security.Also develop some good password habits. These are pretty much the backbone of your online security.8. Private Groups and AccountsSocial media was never made for seclusion but inclusion.Of course, it cannot be completely inclusive. All the same, no-one really thought private groups could take off like they recently did.This is a feature that was created for unique situations.For example, a school could have a public Facebook page.On this page, the administration could share vital information about upcoming school activities. At the same time, students could engage on topics concerning those activities.However, the t eachers could have their own Facebook page.Students could also have their own. Still, the top management could create a group for themselves despite being the managers of the public school page.Why?There are things they may need to discuss which aren’t for every other teacher. And even more importantly, not for the students.This has been the norm for some time. Any time there are special groups among people, private social media groups are created.Now, the number of groups is increasing.These groups create a sense of elitism.If you belong to one, you are in the inner circle of someone. If you don’t, then you are excluded.Whether this is good for the social aspect of social media or not is debatable.But for trends and businesses thriving on trends, this is worth checking out.CONCLUSIONWhile being social on social media, you will do well to consider how to go about it.You don’t want to express yourself in ways nobody is paying attention to.If marketing, the last thing you want i s to spend money and time creating content which doesn’t sell.Be on the lookout for these trends and find out which one works well for you and your followers.

A Brief Note On Tackle Complex Policy Issues - 1122 Words

The most interesting part of the article to me is how it explains how to tackle complex policy issues and exactly what the hardest problems are to agree on how to mitigate/combat most efficiently. The paper discusses the most complex policy issues and their characteristics, how to tackle them with possible strategies, avoiding the narrow approach and instead the need for flexible approaches, the importance of working across organisation boundaries, reviewing the framework, effectively engaging with stakeholders, and the importance of achieving behaviour change within the citizens. I have not come across anything similar to this before, and so I feel indifferent towards the attitude of the paper; I was neither surprised nor confronted by†¦show more content†¦Discussion: Public transport services can have social and environmental impacts; these include air and noise pollution, land disturbance (train tracks), and traffic congestion. According to the Australian Bureau of Statis tics (2003), â€Å"there is concern that current technology for powering transport systems may be unsustainable in the long-term†, which is why funding is needed to upgrade to renewable trains and trams. Although public transport emits carbon dioxide (CO2), the emission is significantly lower compared to private vehicles; public transport such as trains use 2%, whilst private vehicles (cars) use 43% (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2003). Resources required: According to the Government of South Australia in Department of Planning, Transport, and Infrastructure (n.d.), recent upgrades to one of the train lines to be electrified cost $2 billion. It is expected other lines will estimate to cost around the same budget. Risks: The risks associated with this proposal revolve around political, legal, economic, and environmental risks. Recently, Adelaide Metro employees were on strike due to low pay; if the Government were to build more train tracks and improve the services by creating more routes, the employees may go on strike again, creating a political and legal risk. An economic risk isShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of D O Renewals1167 Words   |  5 Pagesregarding policy provisions that are more broad than standard and also those that are more restrictive than standard. Therefore, there is a vital need for a professional, in this arena and in other areas, when developing insurance packages suited to a company’s unique requirements. 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Registration for Resources In order to access your assignment briefs and workbooks you will need to register and create an email account with Pearson Secure File Transfer, which is available at the following web address: https://sft.pearson.com/bds/Login.do Once you have registered with Pearson: Secure File Transfer you will then send an email to Resourceshsc@pearson.com requesting your pack of assignment briefs and/or workbooks. You are only able to use this web address to request resourcesRead MoreImpact of Yuan Appreciation5200 Words   |  21 Pagesattempts to offer a quantitative evaluation of several policy scenarios in reference to the yuan revaluation through simulating a multi-country macroeconometric model (the Fair Model). According to the results of the simulations, the revaluation of RMB would not be appealing to the Chinese. To some extent it would further reinforce the deflation, reduce the competitiveness of China’s exports and the growth of GDP. 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Description Of A M Investment Management Staff - 1436 Words

MEMORANDUM To: AM Investment Management Staff From: Bill Post, Chief Compliance Officer Co-National Practice Leader | AM Investment Management, LLC â€Å"AMIM† Subject: AMIM Best Execution Policy Date: August 24th, 2016 Introduction The U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (â€Å"Commission†) position is that as a registered investment adviser under the U.S. Investment Advisers Act of 1940 should adopt written policies and procedures designed reasonably to ensure that the adviser satisfies the best execution for client trades. The characteristics of the CD market presents AM Investment Management (AMIM) with practical difficulties in assessing and documenting CD best execution not faced when undertaking, for example, equity transactions. Unlike their equity counterparts, the Certificate of Deposit (CD) market is fragmented and often subject to limited transparency as a result of the absence of a centralized market or formal exchange. CDs are traded Over-the-counter (OTC), via a dealer network, as opposed to on a centralized exchange. This memo will state AMIM best execution policies and procedures tailored to AMIM’s operations and the types of fixed-income instruments (CDs) in which it trades. This processes and procedures will create a systematic, repeatable, adaptable, and demonstrable approach to seeking best execution on an overall basis. Background Under a well-settled principle of law, AMIM is a fiduciary subject to a number of specific obligations when acting onShow MoreRelatedThe Development Of Tourism And Hospitality Industry1410 Words   |  6 Pagesindustry. Therefore, talented human resource management is important to hospitality industry. However, the quantity of jobs is unquestionable the quality of many of these jobs is of great concern to academics and policymakers alike (Nickson, D., 2013). 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(Shawn Grimsley, 2014) Forecast of income flow is essential to any viable business, especially small scale establishment as it analyses where the money is, where it is coming from and where it is going to. An In-depth

Othello’s Role in the Murder of Desdemona Free Essays

Othello played the most important role in the murder of Desdemona due to his flaws in his character. His personality flaws ultimately lead him to killing his wife, making it an important factor in the play. Two of his most vivid flaws include his jealousy and his reason versus passion. We will write a custom essay sample on Othello’s Role in the Murder of Desdemona or any similar topic only for you Order Now Iago may have set up the death of Desdemona, but Othello has the most important role of her death due his flaws acting upon him and making himself kill his wife. His inability to comprehend his reason verses passion is mainly represented in Act 3 scene 3. While his dramatic jealousy can be seen in Act 4 scene 1. All of which lead to his eventual downfall and the death of Desdemona. Othello’s reason versus passion is undeniably a contributing factor that leads to Desdemona’s death. Othello cannot comprehend his reason versus passion and this ultimately leads to the tragedy and destruction in the play. Iago ignites the chaos in the play but without Othello the play would not have ended in this dramatic fashion and the Death of Desdemona would not have occurred. Act 3 scene 3 is a turning point in the play between his reason and passion. Interestingly enough Othello says â€Å"But I do love thee, and when I love thee not, / Chaos is come again† in Act 3 scene 3. This foreshadows the Chaos of Othello not loving Desdemona later in the play. It represents himself understanding his own reason verses passion as he knows that if he stops loving Desdemona then his passion will overwhelm his reason, thus causing chaos. Also in this scene Othello says, â€Å"For she has eyes and chose me. † This represents his reason, which doesn’t last long and his reasoning fades as the play goes on. Again in the same act Othello says â€Å"Arise, black vengeance, from thy hollow hell! † A metaphor is used to represent Othello calling his own vengeance to come from him self. In saying this, Othello is now full of anger and vengeance that is brought on upon by his passion and he now has no reason left in his conscience. â€Å"Damn her, lewd minx! O, damn her, damn her! † is said by Othello later in the scene. Once again Othello’s passion is engulfing his reason and he is coming to dramatic conclusions. The repetition of ‘damn her’, and naming her ‘lewd minx’ emphasises his passionate hate for her. Act 3 scene 3 is a perfect example of him having self conflict between his reason vs. passion, where his passion takes control of his reasoning. Thus, this flaw of his inability to have balanced reason and passion is a major contributor to Desdemona’s death. Jealousy is yet another important theme throughout the play of Othello, and it has consumed the mind of Othello, ultimately leading him to killing Desdemona. Evident in Act 4 scene 1, Iago easily manipulates Othello with profound jealousy and it overwhelms him throughout. Iago says ‘Or to be naked with her in bed / An hour of more, not meaning any harm? ’ This imagery is not only placed in the minds of the audience, but set into Othello’s mind. Othello replies ‘Naked in bed, Iago, and not mean harm? ’ Othello obviously shows jealous nature by asking this rhetorical question, where he thinks that anyone in bed naked with his wife means harm. Othello is also Jealous of Cassio and it is evident in the line ‘Look how he laughs already! ’ said by Othello. Othello is jealous, as he cannot bare Cassio in being happy, thus he points out the obvious of Cassio laughing. Immediately after Cassio exists in this scene Othello says ‘How shall I murder him, Iago? ’ His jealousy has consumed his mind and now he is resorting to killing Cassio. The high modality ‘How’ emphasises his hate towards him because he is pondering the different ways he can kill Iago, also creating imagery for the audience. Later in the scene before Othello slaps Desdemona he yells ‘Devil’. This is a metaphor as the devil has consumed his mind into a phase of dramatic jealousy, where the Devil inside of him has resulted to killing Desdemona. Jealousy consumes the mind of Othello, and is it is emphasised in the play, it is a catalyst for the killing of Desdemona. In the play Othello there are many people who play a role in the death of Desdemona. Iago may be an important role as he persuades Othello into an erratic thunderous state, as well as persuading him to kill Desdemona. Although, Iago could have attempted to persuade anyone else into killing someone, but with out flaws like Othello had, it would not be possible. Therefor Othello had the most important role in the death of Desdemona through his flaws of Jealousy and Reason versus Passion. We can get an understanding that jealousy has consumed the mind of Othello. Even though Iago ignites this flaw, without Othello having this flaw Iago would not be able to manipulate him into killing Desdemona, thus making Othello the most important role towards her death. How to cite Othello’s Role in the Murder of Desdemona, Essay examples

Implementation of Change Control

Question: Describe the implementation of change control. Answer: The IT Steering Committee of UMUC provides an opportunity to replace the current customer billing and system for payment with new IT system and processes. This new IT system improves the processes to enhance the delivery and payment of the electronic equipment by taking the advantage of the improved project processing. The IT team effort Change Control Team provided the recommendations that move to that direction. The identified issues in the business processes of UMUC are that there is an increase in orders with expanded manufacturing as well as increased in demands for the related services. The existing voice, billing and payment system that is currently being used by the UMUC requires the in-house management and handling of various departmental officers in the company. Furthermore, the current process used is time consuming and requires the ordering and shipping department to manually manage the invoices and customer payments by 10th of every month. The company demands for a new a dvanced equipment for meeting the increasing customer demand. This changing request is at number 1 priority. Delivering the new proposed IT system on time for the combined cost is crucial in order to maintain the credibility of the company. The company has started to develop low voltage motors that can be custom made and are used for reducing the cost of electricity. The green friendly low voltage custom made motor has assisted in increasing the sales of the company. The proposed new billing and payment system achieves the highest consumer engagement, controlling of cost as well as security within the organization. The implementation of the proposed system will eliminate the need for third party distributors for managing the orders and payment information. Furthermore, the online system will allow the customers to order online through the application that will in return reduce the ordering and processing time of customers order. The benefits of this new system are helped to raise in cash flow, such that the clients get bills quicker as well as pay for their order faster. It also reduces in an expense of customer service by facilitating a shift to the self-service client support. There is also a lessening in the cost of operating connected with generating as well as distributing bills. The new electronic billing and payment are efficient to reduce the operating cost as the customers recognize as viable options to the paper methods they are presently used for their business. The proposed system will work in real-time, and the payment of the customer can be made instantaneously. The system will eliminate the waiting time of the customer for processing and update the customer accounts in the companys database. The system change request includes of improved services, better performance, and support of new services and reduces the cost. The estimated cost of development of IT system is $250,000, cost of hardware = $50,000, cost of new software = $100,000, training cost = $2500. The total cost is 402,500. The following actions are to be implemented immediately such as: Implement a billing and payment system for UMUC Implement an attached changes in the work breakdown structure Implement user guidelines and training manuals to use the proposed system within the company Apart from that, after the implementation of the proposed system, the employees need to be trained for entering the product description and pricing details of the products in the IT system. This will be automatically updated in the IT systems database. For developing and implementing the proposed system will be conducted using waterfall model as the Software Development Life Cycle process. The linear process of the waterfall model adopted in the implementation will provide simplicity and with a particular sequence of processes. The application of the waterfall model will be conducted according to the SRS (Software Requirement Specification) of the billing system. The waterfall model is used as the system development lifecycle model that has distinct goals for each stage of the development. The advantage of this use of the model is that it permits for departmentalization as well as administrative control. The development moves throughout the design, execution, installation, testing as well as troubleshooting that ends up with proper protection. The billing and payment system should be developed with appropriate SDLC approach that is followed based on both internal as well as external factors. With the use of waterfall model, the req uirements are well documented as well as fixed. The technology is to be understood, and there are no such vague needs within it. The resources with necessary expertise are accessible in order to keep the product. Then, the duration of the project becomes little. These changes are to increase the efficiency of the project development organization. However, the change management engages with calculating the experience to the hazards such as entire risk to the business to handle in a well-organized manner. The development and implementation of the proposed system comprise of various risk. One of the major risks in the implementation is the flaw in work-breakdown structure and scheduling. The scheduling risk can be avoided by the efficient planning of the integrated task. Moreover, the task scheduling needs to be checked after every process or phase in the waterfall model is established. In addition to that, the lack of information produced during the initial phase of project designing will hamper the final developed billing system. For mitigating the risk, the software requirement specification needs to be developed in details and with communication with all the members of UMUC. The changes in the requirement in the middle of the software devel opment can cause the delivery delay in product implementation. The risks, which are identified due to an implementation of change control, are a risk of unauthorized assessed changes, unexpected outages, a threat of low success rate of change, a threat of emergency modification as well as the threats of project delays. There may also be the risk with the use of waterfall model for doing changes in the system. The waterfall development does not allow for any revision. At the testing stage, the application is difficult to go back for a change, as it is not well thought within the stage. The operational disruptions are considered as one of the risk factors for the organizational change. The approach used to reduce the impact on the company is to establish the proper completion pace that will differ depends on the size of the company as well as the complication of the project. The budget risk arises when there is a delay in the project, missing in milestones, overrun of the budget, rework required on the design as well as loss of work by the development team. Then, the plan is not succeeded to deliver the proper results. The risks are that it gives big impacts on the customers as well as suppliers those are included with the change management process of the company. The developed system will incorporate various real-time applications and features that were not present in the existing billing system. Therefore, the proposed system will include electronic invoices that are directly sent to the customer to their individual email addresses. The proposed system will also include the electronic payment for the ordered custom low voltage motors. A presentation and training process is provided regarding the system change control within the organization. In a case of any query regarding the change control implementation guidelines, please contact me at +61-458690267. Bibliography Christodoulides, G., Jevons, C., Bonhomme, J. (2012). Memo to marketers: Quantitative evidence for change.Journal of advertising research,52(1), 53-64. Evans, M., Tucker, B. P. (2015). Unpacking the package: Management control in an environment of organisational change.Qualitative Research in Accounting Management,12(4), 346-376. Goetsch, D. L., Davis, S. B. (2014).Quality management for organizational excellence. pearson. Kerzner, H. R. (2013).Project management: a systems approach to planning, scheduling, and controlling. John Wiley Sons. Schwalbe, K. (2015).Information technology project management. Cengage Learning. Ward, J., Peppard, J. (2016).The Strategic Management of Information Systems: Building a Digital Strategy. John Wiley Sons.

Zachman Framework for Enterprise Architecture Essay Example

Zachman Framework for Enterprise Architecture Paper It was in 1987 when John Zachman decided to putforwardhis Zachman Framework for Enterprise Architecture. In his own words hesaidtokeep thebusinessfromdisintegrating,theconceptofinformationsystems architecture is becoming less of an option and more of anecessity.Thus, with this understanding, he decided to move ahead with the idea ofcreating the Zachman Framework. Zachman Framework is anassociationofinformation professionalswhounderstandtheworthofhavingasolidEnterprise Architecture within the companys ranks in the economic scenario oftodays world. This paper studies the Zachman Framework for EnterpriseArchitecture and decides as to how this framework is playing a significantroleinthe alignment and integration of a corporate business. Zachman Framework for Enterprise ArchitectureZachman Frameworks mission is basically toharnessandpromotethe interchange of knowledge as well as experience in theuse,execution,and promotion of the Zachman Framework forEnterpriseArchitecture.Itwould not be wrong here tostatethatthisframeworkismostlyemployedin businessandindustryinformationsystems.ZachmanFrameworkhasits influence from the classic principles of architecture,whichconstitutea mutuallexiconofstandpointsandstancesthatassistindescribing composite and elaborate enterprise systems.Thisinstigationismirrored directly in the clique of rules and regulations that superintend anordered set of relationships which areonthewholebothbalancedaswellasIf ZachmanFrameworkistakenintoconsiderationwhenacompany decides to design a system, the architectcanbeatpeacewhenhehas security of cleanliness within the designaswellasitbeingeasyto understand foroneandall,balanced,

Nature, Nurture, and Human Diversity Essays

Nature, Nurture, and Human Diversity Essays Nature, Nurture, and Human Diversity Paper Nature, Nurture, and Human Diversity Paper What makes you, you? Is who we are the result of our genes (nature) or is it the result of our upbringing (nurture)? Nature: the result of our genes Nurture: everything else other than genes, the culture you were brought up in, the country and family you were brought up In, the school you went to There Is an interaction between nature and nurture II. The Nature Component A. Genes: Our biological blueprint Our body is made up of millions of cells, in every cell, except egg and sperm, we have 46 chromosomes, 23 pairs We have thousands of genes, which are considered to be he basic unit of heredity Genes are segments of DNA that carry the Instruction that give an organism its traits or characteristics Different size of animals and people depends on a single gene (chromosome 1 5) Sometimes multiple genes (gene complexes) are responsible for something such as obesity Genes are made up of nucleotides There are four nucleotides: Adenine, Guanine, Thymine, Cytosine They always come in pairs, A with T and G with C The sequence determine what a gene will do and what It will not do Changing Just one letter In a sequence changes what the gene does Common analogy: chromosomes are like books, genes are the words in a book, and nucleotides are the letters in a book Human genome: we have roughly 30 thousand genes in our DNA They discovered based on the mapping of the human genome that every human on earth Is 99. 99% genetically similar to every other human being on earth Repartition of thee. 01% difference: 5% deference among races, 95% differences within a race Nature genetics, 2004: race does NOT exist biologically; there Is no white, black, Arab, Asian race, and it is just a social concept We share: 95-98% of our DNA with chimps, 0% of our DNA with mice, 50% of our DNA with bananas, 44% of our DNA with fruit flies B. Evolutionary Psychology Bal . What is Evolutionary Psychology (PEP)? Newest perspective in psychology, heavily influenced by Darnings principals of the Theory of Evolution According to Darwin, the mall goal Is to survive and to transmit (natural selection); many organisms die out due to survival of the fittest Survival of the Fittest: when there is a match between characteristics of organism and demands of the environment Evolutionary psychologists took the theories of Darwin to explain unman behavior; they study behaviors that are universal and common to all human beings; they study adaptive behaviors (adaptation is essential for survival) Any behaviors, traits, or emotions that our ancestors had are what we see in humans today We are in the post-antibiotic era, bacteria are smart 82. Application of PEP to Sexuality Surveys: men think more about sex, masturbate more, want sex more than women, are more likely to interpret friendliness as a come-on, and are more likely to make sacrifices for sex Clark and Hatfield (1978): recruited average-looking men and women o go around campus saying: Hey, Ive noticed you around campus, want to go to bed tonight? Different attitudes about sex: majority of women were offended, majority of men would say yes or why wait till tonight? According to PEP: both men and women have the same goal, but have different strategies to achieve the goal due to physiological differences It takes women 9 months to produce a baby, so relational sex enhances survival; it doesnt take men long to plant their seeds, so recreational sex is best strategy 83. Retinue of PEP Professors Critique: this is offensive because most men, like most women, want to be n healthy relationships There are at least 18 societies today that encourage women to have multiple partners because they believe that a child can have multiple fathers (women in these societies are less likely to have a miscarriage, women with multiple partners were more likely to have children that made it to age of 15 years) How evolutionary psychologists explain gender differences in sexuality: Peps theorize that women have inherited their ancestors tendencies to be more sexually cautious because of the challenges associated with incubating and nurturing offspring, whereas men inherited an inclination to be more casual about sex because their act of fathering requires a smaller investment Three main criticisms of the evolutionary explanation of human sexuality: (1) it starts with an effect and works backward to propose an explanation, (2) unethical and immoral men could use such explanations to rationalize their behavior toward women (3) this explanation may overlook the effects of cultural expectations and colonization C. Behavior Genetics CLC . Introduction Behavior genetics: a field of study where the main goal and purpose is to determine he extent to which differences between individuals are due to genetics; Bags are interested in INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES Why we differ and how genes affected this: see below Q. -ret studies Minimization (Identical) Twins: one sperm fertilizes one egg and then the egg splits, always the same gender, and 100% genetically similar Dogmatic (Fraternal) Twins: two different eggs fertilized by two different sperms, can be same or opposite sex, 50% identical twins should be more similar on this trait than fraternal twins 1 identical twin has Alchemists, other twin has 60% chance fraternal twin has Alchemists, other twin has 30% chance 1 identical twin divorces, other has 5. 5% chance 1 fraternal twin divorces, other has 1. % chance studies find that identical twins are more similar than fraternal twins in extroversion (outgoingness) and neurotics (emotional instability) MAKE LIST OF GENETIC COMPONEN TS AND OTHER COMPONENTS Genetic components: extroversion, neurotics, agreeableness, personality traits, temperament (emotional excitability) Other components: attitudes, values, manners, faith, politics Criticism: these twins have similar environments, they come into this oral at the same time, are exposed to the same things, same home, same school, maybe this is why they are similar Solution: started studying twins who were separated and reared apart; identical twins who are reared apart are more similar than fraternal twins who are reared apart Boucher et Al. : studied over 100 twins, results indicate that for certain traits there is a genetic component Conclusion: identical twins reared together are more similar to each other than identical twins reared apart; identical twins are more similar to each other (reared together or apart) than fraternal twins (reared together or apart) CO. Adoption Studies Rationale: we have one adopted child with two sets of parents biological and ad optive parents Clear evidence to indicate that adopted children, when it comes to personality, are more similar to their biological parents, even if they have never met them, than they are to their adoptive parents (personality has a strong biological component) CREATE TWO COLUMNS: BIOLOGICAL PARENTS VS ADOPTIVE PARENTS faith, politics CO. Family Studies Rationale: family members are more genetically similar to each other than strangers, if a trait has a genetic component to it then family members should be more similar n that trait than strangers are Within a family we have different degrees of genetics, therefore if a trait has a genetic component to it, then family members who are ore similar to each other genetically should be more like each other then family members who are less genetically similar to each other Regular siblings: 50% Parents and children: 50% Grandparents and grandchildren: 25% 1st cousins: 12. 5% CO. Temperament Studies Definition: a temperament is your typical emotional reactivity (the way you respond to life) and the typical intensity of that response. Do you respond with fear and anxiety? Or are you excited and bold? Or are you shy? Temperament is a component of personality, has a genetic component Babies come to this world equipped with a temper; four different types of temperaments: Easy babies (40%): positive emotions, Slow-to-warm babies (1 5%): shy, guarded in their expression, takes the awhile to adapt to new environments and strangers Difficult babies (10%): strong emotional reactions, fussy, cry a lot, patterns are unpredictable and irregular, not easy to soothe Physiological studies show that difficult babies have a more erred up/aroused nervous system Combination babies (35%): sometimes easy, sometimes difficult, moieties shy, sometimes bold Twin studies indicate that identical twins are more similar in their temperament than fraternal twins Temperament seems to endure, and stay stable throughout time Through nurture we can modify and reshape temperament; parenting does make a difference CO. Heritability Definition: the percentage of variation within a given population that is due to heredity (the degree to which differences between/amongst individuals are due to genetics) h2o = heritability coefficient (heritability can be quantified by a heritability coefficient) h2o = Variances / (Variances + Overcompensation) 2 varies between O and 1 If h2o = 0. 0 no genetic influence If h2o = 1. 0 all variance is due to genetic influence If h2o = 0. 4 40% genes (60% environment) if h2o = 0. 6 60% genes (40% environment) Points to know and remember about heritability: Sometimes for the same trait, different studies come up with a different h2o (due to environment) When environment is similar, h2o will be higher When environment is different, h2o will be lower Just because individual differences are heritable, it does NOT necessarily mean that differences between races, gender, generations are heritable CO. Nature and Nurture Interaction Just because you have inherited a gene does not mean that this gene is going to affect you, this gene may remain dormant for the rest of your life, genes MAY need the environment to turn them on, this is not always the case Self-regulating: the same gene will act differently in a different environment Both male and female rats have a gene that makes them very nurturing and loving towards baby rats, however this does not turn on till they can hear, see, and smell the baby rat We dont Just transmit genes to our offspring, we transmit the pattern of activation as well The environment is one of the most important factors influencing gene Genome Pigment: tells a genome to activate/turn on/turn off Methyl groups: chemicals that, when present, inactivate/silence a gene Acetate groups: tell the gene to turn on, express itself Epigenetic (simplified definition): study the factors that influence/affect gene expression with affecting DNA Epigenetic studies the mol ecular mechanisms by which environments trigger genetic expression; study of environmental factors that affect how our genes are expressed (life experiences beginning in the womb lay own epigenetic marks, organic methyl molecules, that can block the expression of any gene in the associated DNA segment) D. Behavior Genetics Definition: a field of research where scientists are trying to identify the genes to heart disease and everyone has heart disease except for a few people, study one person who has it and one person who doesnt; find the gene that varies and youll know which gene is responsible for high cholesterol and heart disease. Relevance to psychology: we study both mental illness and mental health and part of helping people become healthy is knowing which genes we need to fix; intervention, revelation, therapy. Promises and dangers: dangers if employers can tell that you have heart disease or something they may fire you, if parents can tell their baby is going to have a problem they may abort it; promises they can go into the chromosome and snip the gene that is problematic. Midterm Question Use one of the principles of evolutionary psychology to answer the following question: Each one of us has 4 grandparents. Using the principles of evolutionary psychology which one of those grandparents is going to spend the most time, money, energy and resources on you. Ill. The Nature Component A. Prenatal Development The baby in the womb is very well protected, however this protection is not 100%, the baby remains vulnerable in the womb because lots of germs and infections can pass through the placenta; this baby can be harmed due to mothers environment (living near a nuclear plant) or mothers diet (the food she is eating). Even though twins, identical and fraternal, share the same womb, they may not be sharing the same environment. Example: one twin may be getting the better nutrition, better protection from viruses, better blood and oxygen supply. Fraternal twins have different lactates, identical twins can have the same or different placentas; identical twins with different placentas are less similar to each other than identical twins who share the same placenta. Marked for life (? ): what happens in the womb can influence and effect our life later on; cancer, blood pressure and heart diseases all could have been rooted in nutrition of the mother when she was pregnant. Two twins in the womb touch each other and are aware of each others presence, this brings up the question of when does awareness begin? B. Experience and Brain Development Bal . Experience Facilitates Brain Development Nurture is essential and vital for proper brain development They need stimulation, proper nurture, to hear sounds and feel touch for proper brain development 82. Experience Changes the Brain For the longest time researchers believed that when the brain reaches maturity it will stay the same until it gets hit by diseases and begins to deteriorate However, we learned that even after the brain reaches maturity it continues to change through experience; learning new skills could cause your brain to change for the better: if you start taking new drugs and are always stressed that will change the brain for the ores They took a bunch of rats and treated them the same until they were 70, then they divided them into two groups: poor rats and rich rats; the poor rats were stuck in a cage and Just given food and water, the rich rats were given food, water, big cages, freedom to interact with each other, new toys to explore all the time; at 90 they killed the rats and studied the brains, realizing the rich rats brains developed more. C. How Much Credit or Blame do Parents Deserve? Abusive, neglected children who become neglectful, etc. In personality mea sures, shared environmental influences from the womb onward typically account for less Han 10% of childrens differences; two children are (apart from their shared genes) as different as two random children. Parents should be given less credit for kids who turn out great and blamed less for kids who dont; children are not easily sculpted by parental nurture. D. Peer Influence Definition: individuals who are the same age or have the same level of maturity as us It is clear to researchers that peers are important to ones life (peers go all the way back to infancy) If one does not have peers, they create imaginary ones because peers are needed Children who are bullied or rejected by their peers end up being pressed and may kill themselves in the future As we age we interact with peers more and more; growing interaction with friends leads to growing influence by peers such as music taste, the way you dress Peers and risk-taking behavior: children and young teenagers are more likely to have risk-taking behavior when their peers also take risks or if they think their peers are taking risks; is it selection of friends? Parents also influence us Lifestyle choices: your parents choose what neighborhood you live in, what school they put you in The quality of parent-child interaction influences and effects the laity of peer-child interaction; for example, boys who bully others are more likely to have parents who are aggressive and dominate them, boys who get bullied are more likely to have parents who are overbearing and protective of them Advice: you are affected by the advice parents give you about relationships, life, or anything else Bottom line: parents and peers both influence you by distinct and complementary MAKE A CHART: PARENTS INFLUENCE VS PEER INFLUENCE E. Culture Definition: the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next Norm: an understood rule for accepted and expected behavior; norms prescribe proper behavior When we dont understand whats accepted or expected, we may experience culture shock; two great culture shocks are the differing pace of life and peoples differing senses of punctuality Cultures vary and compete for resources, and thus evolve over time; many changes have occurred since 1960 There have been positive changes (middle-class people travel more, eat out more, women have economic independence) and negative changes (increase in divorce, depression, and work hours); we cannot explain these rapid culture changes by changes in the unman gene pool; cultures vary, change, and shape our lives Individualism: giving priority to ones own goals over group goals and defining ones identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications; behavior reflects ones personality and attitudes, confrontation acceptable Collectivism: giving priority to the goals of ones group (often ones extended family or work group) and defining ones identity accordingly; behavior reflects social norms and roles, harmony valued V. The Nature and Nurture of Gender (Not on first midterm, but definitely on final exam) Men Women Tend to feel better about their appearance Four times more likely to commit suicide or suffer alcohol dependence More often diagnosed with color-blindness, autism, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (as children), and antisocial personality disorder (as adults) In surveys, men admit to more (direct, physical) aggression than do women Male-to-female arrest ratio for murder is 9 to 1 in the United States and 8 to 1 in Canada Express more support for war (hunting, fighting, and warring are primarily mens activities) Perceived as being more dominant, forceful, and independent (place more importance on power and achievement) Tend to be more direct, even autocratic Talk assertively, interrupt, initiate touches, stare more, smile less, apologize less Boys typically play in large groups with an activity focus and little intimate discussion Male answer syndrome: men are more likely than women to hazard answers rather than admit they dont know Part of the parietal cortex (key area for space perception) is thicker in men Tend to f eel better about their behavior and ethics The average woman enters puberty two years earlier, lives five years longer, carries 70 percent more fat, has 40 percent less muscle, and is 5 inches shorter Can become sexually re-aroused immediately after orgasm Smell fainter odors Express emotions more freely Offered help more often Doubly vulnerable to depression and anxiety, risk of developing eating disorders is 10 times greater Women are perceived as being more deferential, nurture, and affiliated Tend to be more democratic, more welcoming of subordinates input in decision making Girls usually play in smaller groups, often with one friend (play is less competitive than boys and more imitative of social relationships) Females are more open and responsive to feedback than are males Females are more interdependent than males Women are more likely to tend and befriend (are more open with each other, desire intimacy) Parts of the frontal lobe (involved in verbal fluency) are reportedly thicker in women Gender similarities and differences 2 of the 46 chromosomes are sex chromosomes; these sex chromosomes determine whether a baby is genetically male or female The major sex chromosomes are X and Y; mother always contributes an X, father can contribute an X or Y (i f he contributes a Y the baby is male, X the baby is female) If the baby only ends up with one chromosome and it is an X the baby can survive but will have trouble later in life; if the baby only ends up with a Y it cannot survive and is terminated immediately in the mob There is a gene on chromosome Y called UDF that kicks in at 7 months in the womb, forming testes and testosterone (for female babies the absence of testosterone leads to the development of female body parts) Hormones influence and Female rats or monkeys: if injected with testosterone when they are pregnant the female babies behave like the males of the species, going after women and being more aggressive Human cases: the girls are more tomboyish, they dont like Jewelry and dolls, they like guns and like to play war; the bodies of men who are genetically male produce testosterone but their cells dont respond to testosterone, so their dies dont develop male genitalia and they become more like girls Normal hormone leve ls = average women Higher levels of progesterone = more feminine Higher levels of testosterone = more masculine The role of culture and society Parents describe their baby girl as being delicate, little, sweet; they describe baby boys as being firm, strong, and well-coordinated Medically, there are not differences in strength, alertness, and coordination between baby boys and girls Study: a baby boy was dressed in pink (parents held the baby for a long time, walked and rocked the baby, gave the baby teddy bears and bunnies to play with, cooed the baby) then he baby was dressed in blue (parents gave the baby a truck and hammer to play with, held the baby for a bit, then put him on the floor and encouraged him to start to crawl). Gender identity: a strong sense of being male or female Gender roles: expectations from society linked and associated with being a male or female; these gender roles vary from one culture to the next Gender typed: adopting a traditional masculine role or a traditional feminine roll There are many theories in psychology attempting to explain gender Social learning theory: we learn about a gender through observation, we learn through modeling, we have a role model and e imitate that role model, we learn through observation, modeling, rewarding and punishing Gender schema theory: they do accept what social learning theory is, saying yes there is observation, modeling, rewarding and punishing, but they take it several steps further; children are not learning passively, rather they are actively taking this information, drawing conclusions about this information, and they organize it into boys, girls, men, and women; those schemes become a rule in their life.

3D Printing in Architecture depends on Tessellation Essay

3D Printing in Architecture depends on Tessellation - Essay Example In older days, architecture was known as a field which was dependent upon the manually made three-dimensional models and designs.Today, thanks to technology and development, these models are made with the help of software and executed using modern techniques Many of these techniques help the architects to present their ideas through designing software and programs such as the CAD techniques. As the trends have changed, the architecture processes are now more dependent upon techniques such as tessellations. However, many architects today believe that 3D printing in architecture mainly depends on tessellations. Tessellation refers to the placing of shapes repeatedly to form a pattern. These shapes are repeated again and again to cover the spaces and overlap one another. Tiling is another word for tessellation which refers to the filling of spaces with tiles such as on floors, ceilings or walls. The tessellation technique is widely used in the world around us whether it is in mathematic s, natural world, arts or architecture. It is known as a technique which enables the architects to create structures and interiors1. The process is closely related to architecture as there are many aspects which need the process and application of tessellation such as the facade of the building, the material used or the interior walls. Figure 1 shows a form of 3D tessellation. Figure 1. TurboSquid, 2013 This essay addresses the need of tessellation in CAD and 3D printing used in architecture. 3D designs in tessellations are greatly used in architecture nowadays, and the modern methods rely on tessellation techniques and materials. The essay discloses how this is applied and what the critiquing views of this process are. Tessellation is used mainly because of its application in many processes. The methods are easy and useful for many procedures in architecture. However, this essay will assess the methods, procedures and problems of using tessellation in architecture identifying why i t is the most important factor. Literature The architecture today has a different meaning than it had several years ago. Today, the 3D printing and designing is a huge part of the architectural industry. The designs are made and executed through computer programs and 3D models. From the initial stages of building the structure till the last stage, 3D designing is used. On the initial stage, when the architect is told about the space and size of the structure, s/he uses computer programming to build diagrams and illustrations of how the building will be structured. There are special programs that automatically measure and illustrate all calculations and measurements. These programs build 3D blocks and diagrams which present the structure and how it will be organized2. 3D block diagrams are the most commonly used programs for the initial stages. Many architects use these 3D tools to build graphics for their structures. These computer models show all graphics and details of the structu re including rooms, walk ways, lifts, etc. and all from different angles and perspectives. CAD applications are used for the clients so that they can easily understand the 3D design. The use of these programs does not only make the work of the architect easier, but it also saves a lot of time of the planning, executing and applying. Figure 2 shows a 3D model made using computer programming. The figure shows how the structure includes various aspects that will make it easier for the constructor as well as the client. These models give a clearer picture of the building than ledgers and spreadsheets. This is because the data and information is delivered using graphics, pictures and 3D designing rather than coded information in rows and columns3. Figure 2. 3D Printing in AEC, 2011 The nature of the architectural design requires many creative and technical aspects which can be fulfilled by the CAD software which is the computer-aided design program. CAD programs allow the

Cyber crime Laws and The Financial analysis applications Use In Saudi Essay

Cyber crime Laws and The Financial analysis applications Use In Saudi Arabia - Essay Example The Holy Quran did not assert the penalties and laws for computer crimes; however, it tackles public sanctions like theft, adultery, murder and other sanctions. Thus, an Anti-Crime act exists to fight cyber crimes ("Cybercrime and the Law: An Islamic View," n.d.). It also establishes the level of every crime and the resultant harm. For instance (stealing from bank accounts and stealing of the personal videos or pictures from computer) they are under the theft law but there are diverse effects of everyone, so the penalty of every one of them has to be unlike. In all other countries, the laws of the age of children must be less than 18 but Saudi Arabia has 15 members of the Shoura Council who suggests that the age to be less than 15. According to research, 20% of the children in Saudi Arabia are exposed to pornography crime each year. A number of websites availed pornography and scratch the Islamic principles, are blocked as directed by Saudi Arabia Internet Services (www.internet.gov.sa). Cyber Terrorism crime is classified under the distribution of corruption. Research concerning computer crime along with computer ethics is same (Wild, 2011). The aptitude of writing on computer ethics with related areas to make a detailed perceptive of inequalities that surround the field of information technology is greatly affected by types of technological liberalism and determinism. Computer crimes happen in many diverse forms, ranging from child pornography to cyber stalking. Cyber stalking is stalking behavior done by means of some feature of information technologies. The ever rising internet use by criminals has led a rush of legislation along with other interests. Regrettably, in spite of a number of high-profile instances reported both on the Internet and in print media, the topic is yet to be given systematic investigation against a suitable theoretical structure. Such a theoretical

How Does Age Influence Linguistic Knowledge English Language Essay

How Does Age Influence Linguistic Knowledge English Language Essay From my experience in teaching English in a great number of mixed-age classes at Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology foreign language center, I have received completely contrasting feedback from my students at the end of every course. By applying the same teaching method when I work with both young learners and adult learners, I discover a big gap in the result of their learning. In the pronunciation section, younger learners acquire successfully and effectively while older learners seem to fail in learning English sounds. From what I observe, most of young learners in my classroom have native-like pronunciation. In contrast, the complexity of English phonological system leads to adults failure in getting phonology accuracy when they have to fight with many non-existent sounds in their mother tongue. Unlike pronunciation, the success in learning vocabulary and grammar is in a reverse order. Adults find it easy to understand and use almost complicated vocabulary as well as gramm ar structures whereas young learners often make mistakes when learning new words and doing grammar exercises. Indeed, older learners feel at ease with most English grammar points while younger learners claim that vocabulary and grammar are beyond their reach. These differences lead me to the wonder whether or not there is a correlation between age and second language acquisition (SLA). Hence, my paper examines the role of age in SLA in terms of the rate and success of learners linguistic knowledge. From the explanation of the effect of age, I suggest some implications to help not only young learners but also older learners to acquire their language knowledge perfectly. SLA refers to the process of learning of individuals and groups who are learning a language subsequent to learning their first and that language (Saville-troike, 2006, p. 3). In learning a second language, a number of variables influence students actual acquisition including age, personality, motivation, learning style, group dynamics, aptitude, attitude to the teacher and course materials and so on. Among them, age the most frequently discussed factor has been paid much attention by many linguists. Countless studies and researches have recently been conducted on this topic in order to know how age affects second language acquisition It is a common belief that children are more successful L2 learners than adults. Meanwhile, many linguistic researchers argue that the older are better. However, the belief about SLA in different ages is actually equivocal. Saville-Troike (2006) explained this controversy in his study. Some studies define success as initial rate of learning where older learners have an advantage while other studies define it as ultimate achievement where learners who are introduced to the L2 in childhood indeed do appear to have an edge. Also, some studies define success in terms of how close the learners pronunciation is to a native speakers where children are superior to adults, others in terms of how closely a learner approximates native grammaticality judgments where older learners are better than younger learners (p. 82) In terms of the effect of age on the rate of SLA, according to Ekstrand (1976), Snow and Hoefnagel-Hà ¶hle (1978) and Snow (1983), in naturalistic situations, children normally have a slower rate of development in the target language and do not perform as well as older learners in the short term, but they quite often surpass older learners in the long run (as cited in Miralpeix, 2007, p. 62). Undoubtedly, younger learners are better at SLA in the long run while older learners are better at learning languages in the short run. Concerning grammar and glossary, Krashen, Long and Scarcellas research paper pointed out that adults proceed through early stages of syntactic and morphological development faster than children (p. 573). In comparison with younger learners, older learners have an initial advantage in the rate of SLA when they deal with a complicated system of syntax as well as morphology. Ellis (1985) supported advantages of older learners that when we take the rate into consideration, older learners are better then younger learners as they can reach higher proficiency levels if learners at various ages are matched according to the amount of time they are supposed to the target language (p. 105). However, other studies suggest that adults do not make progress as rapidly as children when acquiring pronunciation. According to Harmer (2007), children who learn a new language early have a facility with pronunciation which is denied by older learners (p. 81). Also, Cochrane (1980) gave a clear illustration to this belief. He investigated the ability of 54 Japanese children and 24 adults to discriminate /r/ and /l/. The average length of naturalistic exposure was calculated as 245 hours for the adults and 193 hours for the children (i.e. relatively little). The children outperformed the adults. (as cited in Ellis, 1994, p.486) In general, adults seem to be able to acquire grammar as well as lexis more quickly than children and vice versa in the field of pronunciation. Where success is concerned, it goes without saying that the longer the exposure to the L2, the more native-like L2 proficiency becomes (Ellis, 1985, p. 106). Actually, Ehrman and Oxford (1995) pointed out younger learners are more likely to attain fluency and native-like pronunciation, while older learners have an advantage in understanding the grammatical system and in bringing greater world knowledge to the language learning context (p. 68). Hence, it is likely that younger learners will pronounce in a more natural way than older learners. Most young individuals who begin their studies of the L2 at the early age do achieve native-like fluency. The earlier they start the more professional at pronunciation they become. Supporters of this belief claim that children are able to learn second language pronunciation easily, automatically, effortlessly and gain an indistinguishable frequency level from that of native speakers. As Ellis (1994) indicated, learners who start as children achie ve more native-like accent than those who start as adolescents and adults (p. 489). Oyama (1976) also supported the younger-is-better notion in her investigation of 60 male immigrants settling down in USA at various ages from 6 to 20. She found that the youngest arrivals performed in the same range as native-speakers control (as cited in Ellis, 1994, p. 489). Conversely, some adult learners may succeed in acquiring native levels of grammatical accuracy in full linguistic competence (Ellis, 1994, p. 492). When the success of second language lexical acquisition, younger learners do not perform as well as older learners in the short term (Muà ±oz, 2006, p. 90). Snow and Hoefnagel-Hà ¶hle (1978) conducted a research in the Netherlands with English learners of Dutch and then showed that adolescent and adult learners results in the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test were better than those of the younger learners. (as cited in Muà ±oz, 2006, p. 90) We clearly see that there is a great difference in the rate and success of SLA between adult learners and young learners in the aforementioned empirical researches. Hence, the question Why do the contrasting results exist? is raised. When we know the causes we will know how to deal with the problems both younger and older learners encounter in SLA. A number of studies in the light of explaining the role of age in SLA point out that neurological, cognitive and affective factors account for this issue. Many longitudinal and cross-sectional researches assert that the ability to learn a foreign language is biologically linked to age. The biological factor is supported by the Critical Period Hypothesis which claims that learners past the age of puberty are in all probability unable to achieve native-like pronunciation in any case (Saville-Troike, 2006, p. 142). There is a time when language acquisition is easy and complete. However, beyond that time SLA is difficult and almost incomplete. If SLA takes place during that period, in all likelihood learners will achieve native-speaker ability. That is why Pujol (2008) divided the hypothesis into two versions. The strong version is that language must be learned by puberty or it will be never learned from subsequent exposure; the weak version is that after puberty language learning will be more difficult and incomplete (p. 13). Various studies about the critical period hypothesis suggest that younger learners are superior to older learners as they acquire a foreign language before the puberty. Penfield and Roberts (1959) study explained why it is easier to learn the target language within the first ten years of life. During this period the brain retains plasticity, but with the onset of the puberty this plasticity begins to disappear. We suggested that this was the result of the lateralization of the language function in the left hemisphere of the brain. That is, the neurological capacity for understanding and producing language, which initially involves both hemispheres of the brain, is slowly concentrated in the left hemisphere for most people (as cited in Ellis, 1985, p. 107). With regard to pronunciation acquisition, Seliger (1978) indicated that there are many critical periods for different aspects of language. The period during which a native accent is easily acquirable appears to end sooner than the period governing the acquisition of a native grammar (as cited in Ellis, 1994, p. 492). Actually, learners who begin studying L2 as adults are unlikely to have native-speaker competence in pronunciation. Not only neurolinguistic studies but also affective researches have been carried out to explain that children are better than adults. As Brown (1980b) proposed, SLA is related to stages of acculturation including initial excitement and euphoria, culture shock, culture stress and assimilation (as cited in Ellis, 1985, p. 109). The ability of learner to relate and respond easily to the foreign language culture strongly determines the success of SLA. Schumann came to conclusion that the learner will acquire the second language only to the degree that he acculturates (n.d., p. 29). Valdes (1986) offered a more persuasive account of the notion the younger, the better. A young child, because he has not built up years and years of cultural-bound view and view of himself, has fewer perspective filter to readjust, and therefore moves through stages of acculturation more quickly, and of course acquires languages more quickly. (as cited in Tallapessy, n.d., p. 16) At the early age, young learners have socio-cultural resilience as they are much less culture-bound than older learners. Thanks to their strong resiliency, children can overcome stages of acculturation quickly and then acquire the target language rapidly. In addition, as Ellis concluded, child learners are more strongly motivated to communicate with native speakers and to integrate culturally. Also, child learners are less conscious and therefore suffer less from anxiety about communicating in an L2 (1994, p. 494). They learn a foreign language because of the need to be accepted by the native community. That is why most of younger learners can successfully achieve native-like pronunciation as they are exposed to the first language environment. Besides the biological and emotional factors aforementioned, various cognitive abilities between younger learners and older learners lead to their differences in SLA. Leaver, Ehrman and Shekhtman (2005) defined cognition as thinking. There are many processes involved in thinking, and all of them are considered part of cognition. Some examples are noticing, paying attention, making guesses and hypotheses, monitoring what you say, interpreting what you read or hear, and so on (p. 38). Cognitive strategies enable the students thinking process to be unique. This uniqueness is called high level control i.e. consciousness. Ellis (1985) noted that older learners can learn about the language by consciously studying linguistic rules and apply these rules when they use the language whereas younger children consider language as a tool for expressing meaning (p. 108). According to Halliday (1973), the young child responds not so much to what language is as to what it does (as cited in Ellis, 198 5, p. 108). Additionally, Rosansky (1975) believed that L2 development can take place in two different ways. While the young child sees only similarities, lacks flexible thinking and is self-centered older learners are predisposed to recognize both common and different features about the language, to think flexibly and to become increasingly de-centered (as cited in Ellis, 1985, p. 108). Understandably, most social attitudes towards the use of a certain language in younger learners have not been developed, Furthermore, at the early age, children often lack meta-awareness, which results in their open cognition of a new language. Unlike children, older learners own a strong meta-awareness and hold social attitudes towards the target language. That is the reason why Ellis (1994) pointed out that adults possess more fully developed cognitive skills, which enable them to apply themselves studiedly to the task of learning a L2 (p. 493). Thus they will experience more negotiation of meanin g and better input by using general and inductive learning abilities. Actually, various studies and researches show that adults are better language learners because they have not only better cognitive skills but a better memory as well. Whenever they deal with syntax and morphology system they will memorize them quickly and easily. Moreover, many teachers commonly notice that adults have a longer concentration span than children. Children cannot concentrate on certain activities as long as adults. As Hermar explained, older learners do exhibit noticeable superiority because they tend to be more self-disciplined. (2007, p. 288) From the analysis of the strong correlation between age and SLA, I clearly realize that my teaching methodology should be various when I work with younger learners and older learners although I carry out the same lesson about pronunciation, grammar or vocabulary. With the same content, I should change my teaching way in order to suit students of different ages. On the basis of the theoretical framework, younger learners are more intelligible then older learners in the process of acquiring native-like pronunciation. The former are not strongly affected by old habits of their mother tongue whereas the latter find it difficult to form new habits of L2 because of the influence of the first language. Nevertheless, adults have higher awareness than children. As a result, when I teach pronunciation I usually use some kinds of explicit explanation to enable adults to use their critical thinking. For sound formation, I use a sketch of mouth to describe the pronunciation of sound in terms of lips, tongue, teeth, etc. For example, when I teach the target sound /ÃŽÂ ¸/, I will show the following picture and give the description. In order to pronounce it, you should put your tongue between your teeth. Then blow out air between your tongue and your top teeth. Explicit explanation will be followed by demonstration, imitation and practice. (Baker, 2003,p. 133) Moreover, older learners feel at ease with distinguishing two similar sounds thanks to their problem-solving talent. That is why I consider minimal pairs as a powerful tool to draw their attention to differences among some English sounds. Lets take the vowel /I/ as an example. Firstly, I ask them to say the sound /i:/ by opening the mouth a little and lengthening it. Then open the mouth a little more to make the sound /I/. Contrasting two seemingly similar sounds will help adults produce the sounds more accurately. (Baker, 2003,p. 6) On the contrary, when I teach children pronunciation, I overuse imitation and repetition with a model video clip of English sounds. As you know, children are quick at imitating a certain sound even when the sound does not exist in their mother tongue. As a result, I often use clips from the program English have a go in which a native speaker Professor Say It will pronounce the target sound slowly enough for young children to imitate. Because the lecturer in the clip has a good sense of humor to add fun to pronunciation, I find it useful especially when I work with younger learners. As I know both children and adults suffer a lot from such boring pronunciation lessons, I always think of some games to arouse students interest and let for them relax during the lesson. They will not have a feeling of suffering from language learning. Who is a poet? is a common game in my teaching pronunciation. I ask my students (intermediate level) to make a poem with the last word containing the target sound. I will begin with the sentence Jim has a wife (the diphthong /ai/ is the objective of my lesson). Then my students make a poem like this. Jim has a wife She is very nice She is only 25 She has big eyes They have a happy life But Jim suddenly died Then she ends her life They never say goodbye Wish them happy life In the paradise In regard to teaching grammar, three very most important sources of interest for children in the classroom are pictures, stories and games to enhance young learners intrinsic motivation (Ur, 1996, p. 288). Hence, when teaching my younger learners I use a great number of pictures to contribute towards their interest in learning process. As a result of childrens low cognitive capability, I conduct mechanical drills, gap-fills, and sentence transformations to familiarize them with the structure and help them have the confidence to use it in a controlled environment. These tasks can be made into games through which they can get enjoyment, fun and pleasure. For instance, I ask my young children (Lets go) to recognize verbs of past tense in terms of regular ones and irregular ones by marking them with different colors as children are keen on coloring very much. Firstly, I set the rule regular verbs = green, irregular verbs = blue. Secondly, I divide the class first into teams and then show them sentences one by one. In the end, the group which can get the most correct answers is the winner. Conversely, so as to make adults learn structures thoroughly and produce correctly, I use a sequence of activities from accuracy-oriented exercises in the beginning to fluency tasks for the free use of the grammar in a certain context in the end. As Ur (1996) suggested, there are seven types of grammar practice like awareness, controlled drills, meaningful drills, guided, meaning practice, free sentence composition, discourse composition and free discourse (p. 84). These kinds of activities focus mainly on both form and meaning practice with the aim of promoting adults cognitive skill and self-discipline. In terms of vocabulary, I consider visual aids a useful artifact to convey the meaning of the new word when I teach younger learners vocabulary items. I put a lot of efforts in preparing the pictures as well as concrete objects for my young children to learn effectively as what we hear, we forget; what we see, we remember. In contrast, older learners are provided with concise explanations, detailed descriptions, antonyms, synonyms, hyponyms or co-hyponyms whenever they study vocabulary items. Another difference in my vocabulary teaching between children and adults is that I draw the formers attention to the form, meaning, spelling and grammar of a new word while I further introduce the latter the denotation, connotation and appropriateness of a vocabulary item. In short, we can clearly see that age differences have a strong influence on SLA between younger learners and older learners. While children who start to learn a language at the early age have a facility with the pronunciation while adults possess high cognitive abilities which help them benefit from abstract language teaching approaches. We can jump to conclusion that an early start to foreign language learning is likely to lead to better long-term results. Start as early as you can. Furthermore, the age of students is a major factor in our decision about what and how to teach. Students of different ages will have different advantages and learning styles in acquiring L2 linguistic knowledge. As teachers, we should know their strength and weakness to guide them study more efficiently and effectively. Thanks to this paper, I know I should adjust my teaching approach in a way more flexible and appropriate to students of various ages, thus I can be a better language instructor. In this way, I should ensure that my materials and tasks are age-appropriate so that all individuals can learn best regardless of being young and old.