Position paper on General “Billy” Mitchell Essay

1.This paper addresses the demonstration of General â€Å"Billy† Mitchell’s USAF core values of service before self and integrity. General Mitchell displayed these core values in the face of adversity. He was one of the few airmen who knew the potential of the airplane and fought for his beliefs, even at the cost of his own career. 2.General Mitchell exhibited great courage and placed his service before himself during interservice rivalries following World War I. Even though he knew that his views would be greatly opposed, views that the Navy was obsolete, the Army was not fully effective without an â€Å"air force†, and that the air service was an offensive force equal to the other services, he presented his opinions to congress. He challenged the Navy and proved the effectiveness of air power by sinking Navy battleships. The General’s defiance and outspoken beliefs infuriated many leaders of the Navy and Army. In 1925, his insistent attempts for a separate air force resulted in a demotion to Colonel. Later that year, the dirigible Shenandoah crashed. General Mitchell blamed military leaders for â€Å"incompetence and criminal negligence†. This outcome of his accusations was his own court martial on October 25, 1925. 3.General Mitchell represented integrity and perseverance by continuing his crusade for a separate air force, despite the setbacks he had endured. He met with public leaders and tried to gain support for his campaign. He improved his doctrine of air power, concepts and strategy, and he published material supporting strategic bombing. 4.General Mitchell is a hero in USAF history. He manifested the core values of the USAF to the highest degree, reflecting great credit upon himself. His work opened the eyes of many that were blind to the impending importance of airpower and ultimately paved the way for a separate, independent, United States Air Force.

The Wish English

A young boy, full of imagination and new exciting adventures, is the protagonist of the story â€Å"The Wish. † This story was written by the author Roald Dahl, a well-known author that has also written the stories, â€Å"The BFG†, â€Å"Matilda† and, â€Å"James and the Giant Peach,† Children have minds packed with creativity, everything is an adventure. For this young boy, he becomes wildly engulfed in his imagination each day. Some characteristics of the boy include that he is incredibly imaginative, and he has a lot of ambition. What else can be said to be a characteristic of the boy is that can seem to be foolish, and he also is very lonely.On this particular day of adventures, the boy becomes quite lost in his creativity. The result of this is that his new quest turns into a dire situation of getting a puppy, or falling into the depths of the red, black, and yellow carpet. The imagination of the boy is one of his key characteristics. He even makes pi cking a scab into a special exciting challenge. â€Å"A scab was always a fascinating thing; it presented a special challenge he was never able to resist. † After picking the scab he continues with another adventure that includes the colorful carpet.I believe that imagination is a great thing to have in life, but to much can have many consequences. Something continuously expressed by the boy are the lines, â€Å"I must† and, â€Å"I will. † This shows that he is extremely ambitious and motivated. An example of this would be, â€Å"What I must do is this: I must walk all the way along it to the front door without touching them. † Of course, with such an imaginative mind, this boy seems slightly foolish. As he talks to the carpet and holds his breath with each step, the usual person would probably think that this child is making a fool of himself.He yelled at the carpet with enthusiasm, â€Å"I’m not touching you! You mustn’t bite me! You kno w, I’m not touching you! Another characterization of the boy would be that he seems lonely. The boy thought, â€Å"For someone who had only yesterday triumphantly traveled the whole length of the brick path from the stables to the summerhouse without touching the cracks, this carpet thing should not be too difficult. † This thought shows that the boy is having adventures like this everyday; he doesn’t have another child or sibling to play with. The boy is also wishing that he would be given a puppy for his birthday, maybe this is because of his loneliness.He just wishes for some company. With such characteristics in a young boy, he seems like quite the interesting kid. He is described greatly between the lines of the short story. The boy doesn’t change throughout the adventure, he is mostly unaffected by the events. Although I am not sure about what had happened to this young boy and the carpet, I am wishing the story had presented more towards the conclu sion. Not only am I wanting more and constantly wondering what actually happened to the boy, but also I’m glad the story had ended the way it did.

Field Experience Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Field Experience - Research Paper Example It is also a setting where various social groups such as families, couples, friends and even individual visitors will feel comfortable, since the place is set to be all-inclusive. There are different components that give different categories of people a reason to visit. Description of the setting The setting of the Disney Land Theme Park and Resort is all-inclusive, with different segments that people may want to engage in, such as the entertainment, sports, the sit-down restaurants, the food stands where people can purchase different types of foods stuffs, especially snacks, beverages and other light food items. There are also gift shops where people can purchase gifts for their friends, spouses and even family members, since the gift shops are stocked with a variety of gifts, which makes it possible for the visitors to select from a variety. There are various sorts of rest places where people can rest and talk, including in the open air as they enjoy the sun, or under the shades. T here are different themes for each particular attraction, which include animals, historical artifacts, fish in their ponds, waterfalls, Splash Mountains, woodland-for-plays, jungle cruise and the fantasyland, where one sings along the classic tunes, while the mind is wandering into the fullness of precious fantasies. The setting is well constituted, to give a visitor the best of feelings and enjoyment, which allows the visitor to forget all other concerns and the aspects of life difficulties, to live an entirely new life, at least for the moment one is in this place. Several games such as the Roller coasters are available, while dining and accommodation services are also adequately available. Entertainment, especially in form of live performances is a common phenomenon in Disneyland, while cool music that brings back sweet memory is also always in play. Observations of the interactions that took place A visit to Disneyland is one of the most thrilling experiences that an individual can ever have. Just by setting the foot on Disneyland, the reality of dreams, fantasy and wild imaginations comes into the forefront, while the stress and any life concern seems to disappears, at least for the moment spent in this Theme Park and Resort. At the entrance, there is a welcoming sign that tells the visitor the type of expectations they should have during the time spent in the Theme Park and in the Resort. The welcoming note tells the visitor to welcome to the place where imagination is the destination. This welcoming sign alone, is sufficient to prepare the mind of the visitor and make it wander from expectation to expectation, increasing the desire to enter and witness the real content of Disneyland. The opening time is 8 a.m. There was already a queue of about 500 people waiting to enter, who consisted of families, couples, friends and even singles. The ticketing service was excellent, since there are many ticket sellers, who serve the customers very fast, ensuring tha t the visitors do not spend long in the queue. There are various kinds of tickets that are sold to the visitors, depending on the visitors preferences. Bonus tickets are also available, which ensures that customers who buy tickets worth a lot of money also get some bonuses to receive more benefits and services from the Disneyland Theme Park and Resort. The adults are charged from $87, depending on the areas of visitation and the activities to indulge

The Power of Branding Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

The Power of Branding - Essay Example The researcher of this essay discusses the topic of branding and uses Nokia brand for example. He states that Nokia's brand is now the 11th powerful brand in the world, and some marketing specialist have somewhat sarcastically recommended that maybe Finland should try to somehow link up with the brand name of Nokia to improve the brand name of the country of Finland. Nokia was able to achieve with strong marketing strategies, which is evolving even now. The key strategy Nokia incorporated while designing its models is that they should pay attention to even the finest details, which could enhance the ease of use for the customer as well as enhance customizable preferences. The other strategy was to introduce phones which could also be a style accessory. â€Å"The insight that the handset could be a stylish fashion accessory, rather than merely a communication tool, allowed Nokia to lead the trends and direction of the entire handset.† The researcher states that this strong mark eting strategy to come up with products that suits customer’s preferences and importantly giving new perspectives and purposes to the customers with new designs, only enabled Nokia to leapfrog over its competitors. This is in direct contrast to Ericsson and Motorola, that not taking quick strides while moving from analog to digital phones, Nokia became leader in the handset market by 1998 itself. The researcher then concluds that now, with its superior marketing strategies and a strong and powerful brand, Nokia is able to sustain that position.

Genetic experimentation and development Research Paper - 3

Genetic experimentation and development - Research Paper Example The gene treatment has spared the family from a $60,000 annual bill for essential medication treatment without the gene treatment or therapy. As of late, sixteen coronary illness patients, who were truly waiting for death, got an answer through duplicates or copies of a gene that triggers vein development and growth by infusion direct into the heart. By developing fresh vessels around obstructed arteries, each of the sixteen patients’ demonstrated change and six were totally rid of agony. (Bohlin, n.d.) But this therapies were only used as a last resort, when all else failed. The most important question here is what about when genetic engineering is used other than life-threatening situations. For example, when it is used, by parents who can afford them, to genetically enhance the intelligence of their children or the physique of the person is changed according to his or her liking; thus, initiating a chaotic situation in our elite classes who may start a war to create the gen etically ‘perfect’ human beings. Thus the prospect of any equality between human beings would be eliminated altogether just because e.g. their parents were not able to afford a genetically enhanced mind. Coming towards the stem cell research, it has a lot of potential. A stem cell is a cell that can make precise duplicates of itself for an indefinite period of time. This cell can produce special cells for different tissues in the human body, for example, cerebrum tissue, heart muscle and liver tissue etc. These cells could be spared and utilized later to produce special cells, when required. (University of Maryland Medical Center, n.d.) But this is usually seen as a way of human cloning. But it has greater potential than that, for example, growing broken teeth or ruptured arteries or veins. The main question hair is that should genetic engineering be allowed for further development? Yes, it

Critically evaluate the relationship between human resource management Essay

Critically evaluate the relationship between human resource management at organisational level, and the organisatoin's economic prosperity - Essay Example To become a multinational company the management has to expand its units across the country. As company and its other units are slowly expanding so does the problems are increasing day by day. If HR division is not up to its task then it may be possible that XYZ Inc. may consistent drop in its financial structure that result in heavy losses in the business. The important factors were found to be the hiccups facing by the staff in delivering the goods on time, baggage handling and in customer care. On the manufacturing side XYZ Inc. was unable to meet the supply demand. They have been successful in manufacturing and supplying of small privately owned airplanes. Since the public interest shifted towards the branded name and the feel of first class look the company has to meet the requirements. But XYZ Inc. was slow in its production rate. To meet the market demand on the manufacturing side and to improve customer care service the management introduced some strategies. One of the important factors that should be concentrated is on customer care service. The staff should be trained and should be at best when dealing with customers. The quality of the service should be of high degree. With the help of modern technology the staff could be easily trained. Since customer service involves in making and receiving calls, they should be trained on VOIP (Voice Over Internet Protocol), which is economical. On the manufacturing side the company has to speedup its operations because if it won’t meet the market demand it would loose potential ground. The best way is to lease some airplanes for sometime so that business continues and after completion of manufacturing they can introduce the planes in the market. Since costs are soaring high remedial steps should be taken immediately. Whether we agree or not the daily rise in prices is due to increase in oil per barrel in the gulf. Alternate steps should be taken to cope this

History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 28

History - Essay Example Since these pieces serve as the most powerful, reliable and authentic sources of exploring the social norms, cultural values, religious rituals, taboos, mores, traditions, conventions, folklore and festivals, the historians, archeologists, cultural anthropologists and intellectuals declare them as the most dynamic donation one has granted to his culture (Walton, 2006). The same is applied to the given passages and pictures representing the Tang and Song dynasties of Medieval China. The given literature endorses the very notion that the elite stratum of the then Chinese society used to enjoy leisure hours after the completion of the tasks and professional obligations of the stratum. Hence, it ratifies Theory of Leisure Class articulated by Thorstein Veblen in 1899 that the elite or leisure class consumes its free hours after work in gossiping, arranging parties and embarking upon literary pursuits (Veblen, 2007). Since this class contained time, resources and opportunities in plenty, it did not have to get worried regarding their income and expenditures etc. Consequently, the class was expected to consume money, take food, drink wine, make fun and rejoice itself through amusement and recreational activities. Renowned English poet of Classical Era Alexander Pope has also elucidated the revelry-making activities of the elite stratum by portraying the everlasting character of the protagonist Belinda in his illustrious Rape of the Lock. The history of ancient cultures of Greece and Rome portray the kings and queen as habitual to dissipation and immoral activities while enjoying their leisure hours (Blond, 2000). The same was the position of the ruling class of Ottoman Empire, India and France. The French Revolution 1789 was actually the thunderous reaction to the dissipation made by the royalty and courtiers at the expense of the poor and downtrodden masses, who paid heavy taxes and thus underwent hunger and starvation for many days for the

Substance disorders - cocaine Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Substance disorders - cocaine - Essay Example The paper is written to inform the reader about this drug from the categories of the DSM-IV through the issues of treatment. According to King, Davison, Neale and Johnson (2007), substance related disorders are defined as disorders in which drugs such as alcohol and cocaine are abused to such an extent that behavior becomes maladaptive, social and occupational functioning are impaired and control or abstinence becomes impossible. Reliance on the drug may be psychological as in substance abuse or physiological as in substance dependence or addiction. According to the DSM IV TR the following is the criteria for substance dependence and abuse: A maladaptive pattern of substance use leading to clinically significant impairment or distress, as manifested by three (or more) of the following, occurring any time in the same 12-month period: 7. The substance use is continued despite knowledge of having a persistent physical or psychological problem that is likely to have been caused or exacerbated by the substance (for example, current cocaine use despite recognition of cocaine-induced depression or continued drinking despite recognition that an ulcer was made worse by alcohol consumption). One of which outlines whether substance dependence is; With physiologic dependence (evidence of tolerance or withdrawal) or Without physiologic dependence (no evidence of tolerance or withdrawal). In addition, remission categories are classified into four subtypes: 1. Recurrent substance use resulting in a failure to fulfill major role obligations at work, school, or home (such as repeated absences or poor work performance related to substance use; substance-related absences, suspensions, or expulsions from school; or neglect of children or household). 4. Continued substance use despite having persistent or recurrent social or interpersonal problems caused or exacerbated

Marketing home work Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Marketing home work - Essay Example In a highly competitive environment of cut throat business, creating and keeping customers therefore becomes vital ingredient of the market strategy of the firms. Saxonville Sausages is a prime example of how brand strategies were used to position their product in the market. They had targeted family and homemakers who relished home cooked food. The advertisements showed women using Saxonville sausages to make different dishes and enjoying it with family. Thus it was able to create a niche market position. Through right positioning, it was able to revive its declining profits (Mullins & Walker, 2009). Mountain Man brewery case, on the other hand emphasizes the need for new product to meet the challenges of time. Mountain Man is established brand of lager with regional specialty that primarily caters to the niche market of coal miners. Its brand equity is associated with long history of coal mining and has a loyal customer base which now is elderly populace. The new light beer would meet the tastes of young generation but fears that it could threaten its brand equity. But this is a risk which the firm must take to maintain its competitive advantage in the industry. Market research is intrinsic part of business strategy that is used to identify and analyze changing customers’ requirements which the firms meet through new product development or value addition (Vandermerwe, 2004; McKenna, 1991). The buying behavior and surveys are important tools for qualitative and quantitative analysis that help deintify the changing trend of the consumers. For example, qualitative study would show that coke is a favorite drink but diet coke is preferred more because of its low calorie. On the other hand, quantitative research would indicate that coke is more popular than Pepsi. Various firms like Redbull, Reebok, Nike have used market research to identify their requirement that was used for new product

Explore the ways Essay Example for Free

Explore the ways Essay In this playing I will be exploring how Priestley makes this moment in the play so dramatic and significant. The Inspector has just left the Birling’s all thunderstruck and traumatized, each of them handling it in different ways. As Gerald walks in it has come clear to us that the older generation are set in their ways and do not hesitate to even think about what the Inspector has told them, yet are stuck with their selfish ways. It is evident that Mr and Mrs Birling are embarrassed of Gerald finding out of what the Inspector has unearthed about what they have all done. ‘He put us all through it –‘ then Mr Birling cutting in ‘Sheila! Cutting Sheila off mid-sentence shows how Mr Birling is extremely humiliated and does not want Gerald to know what has just happened. He is too busy in caring about his reputation and getting his knighthood than even consider a word of what the Inspector has just said. ‘ (hastily) now – now we needn’t bother him with all that stuff’ The pauses through the hyphens intimates Birling’s loss of power. Also the change in tone symbolises Mr Birling weakening making this a significant moment in the paly. Using the lexis ‘stuff’ proves to us that Mr Birling thinks very little of the situation and is  quick to try and hide what happened. Priestley uses revelation to make this part in the play more dramatic. Gerald slowly getting to the point and surprising the Birling’s that Inspector Goole wasn’t a real police Inspector; in fact he is ‘A fake! ’ Mr and Mrs Birling attitudes swiftly change from ‘(hastily)’ and ‘(warningly)’ to ‘(triumphantly)’ and ‘(excitedly)’ where as for Sheila and Eric their attitudes do not change for they still have the pejorative and shameful thoughts from the Inspector’s words. This creates conflict between the younger generation (Sheila and Erica) and the older generation (Mr and  Mrs Birling). The younger generation still seeing what they have done as immoral but the older generation thinking their off the hook and that ‘it makes all the difference’. The inspector has obviously left his remark on Sheila and Eric â€Å"(bitterly) I suppose we’re all nice people now,† Through the speech and stage directions it is clear Sheila and Eric feel guilt and responsibility, however this guilt and sense of responsibility is abruptly ignored by their parents ‘if you’ve nothing more sensible than that to say, Sheila, you’d better keep quite’ Mr and Mrs Birling are delighted to  discover that â€Å"that fellow was a fraud† and has not come to think about and claim the responsibility of what has happened. Mrs Birling was shocked by the way the Inspector was speaking to her and the rest of the family ‘the rude way he spoke to Mr Birling and me – it was quite extraordinary’ It is evident that their reaction to the Inspector and his interrogation is left Mrs Birling bewildered, as though she could not possibly expect a police Inspector to have any cause to speak with one of their status. This creating a more dramatic scene because Mrs Birling quite clearly hated the way Inspector Goole spoke to Mrs Birling, and she hated it.

No Exit by Jean Paul Sartre | Analysis

No Exit by Jean Paul Sartre | Analysis Analysis of No Exit No Exit by Jean Paul Sartre is a play that symbolizes the German occupation of France. He was a soldier in the French Army during World War II and had to face the humiliation of defeat and the suffering of war. No Exit takes place in a room which is supposed to be a part of hell occupied by three people who cannot stand being around each other. This is an allusion to the relationship between the French and German people living amongst each other during the war. In this play, Sartre discusses issues such as freedom, reliance on others, deception, and â€Å"bad faith† (Spark Notes, analysis). In this essay I will discuss the different ideas and symbolization that help the reader understand Sartres conveyed messages about how he views death and how one must handle the present. Also, I will discuss the characters in depth to understand why they handled the situations they were in so differently than the others by comparing and contrasting their personalities. Sartre also was a fir m believer in either a â€Å"being-in-itself†, a being that lets other people control them or a â€Å"being-for-itself†, a being who makes their own choices. Existence precedes essence† was the theme to his belief that a humans consciousness was centered on a being-for-itself, or a being-in-itself (Spark Notes, analysis). Humans have the power to control their choices, thoughts, characteristics, values and certain traits. With this power also comes responsibility for ones choices. This anxiety of responsibility causes people to step back and let others chose and control what they think and do. It is a way to cope and not take responsibility for ones actions. This in turn creates the idea of a â€Å"being-in-itself† instead of the humans usual â€Å"being-for-itself†. In this paper this idea will be discussed and compared with the characters reactions to their own personal reality in hell. The four characters that Sartre portrayed in this play are the valet, Inez, Estelle and Mr. Garcin. Garcin is a journalist from Rio and the first to be introduced to the story and enter the room. His cause of death was execution by a firing squad for trying to desert during a war. The war was not specified exactly, but his excuse for deserting was that he was a pacifist and was standing up for what he believed in. During the play, it is clear that Garcin is able to deal with the idea of their hell better than the other two characters in the room. He sees and understands that the three of them were not put together by chance but actually brought together on purpose to torture each other with the others existence. He stated that the best way to cope with this predicament was for each person to keep to themselves and leave the other be in hopes of being able to coexist peacefully. Throughout the whole story, Garcin looks back into the past and looks at Earths present and tries to make p eace with himself about the evil things he had done to his loved ones on Earth. He completely understands why he is damned to hell and does not question anything about where he is. Inez is the second person to enter the room and is the most destructive of all of the characters. She makes it her mission to cause the most hostility and problems towards the other two people in the room. Her past occupation was as a postal clerk. She believes she is in hell, because she seduced her cousins wife and practiced adultery. The reason for her death was that her lover, her cousins wife, left the stove on while they were sleeping and the gas killed them both. She clearly dislikes men and automatically hates Garcin. In many instances she is obviously competing with him. However, she quickly finds Estelle very attractive and pursues her for the rest of the story. She tries to find any way possible to be closer to Estelle and actually scares her. Estelle is the last person to enter the hell. She i s the most skittish and frightened person in the room. She relies on mirrors to remind her that she is actually there, and when she realizes there are no mirrors in the room she agrees to rely on Garcin and Inez to define her existence. She also strongly believes that she does not belong in hell, being only willing to admit to her cause of death: pneumonia. She refuses to use the word dead but asks everyone to instead use the word absent. Inez pursues her but Estelle informs them that she can only be with a man and favors Garcin. Garcin is briefly interested in Estelle but then quickly puts all of his energy into focusing on Inez and her actions. Estelle finally confesses that she had an affair on her husband and killed her illegitimate child. Lastly, the most mysterious of all characters is the valet.He was the person to lead each individual into the room, rarely answering any questions and only supplies brief, cryptic answers. He informs Garcin of the bell in the room with which h e may be summoned, but it rarely works. The valet is reminiscent of a devil picture. He gives Garcin a chance to escape but knows that because of his personality, he would never leave in fear of Inez passing judgments on him for leaving the room. The characters think that the valet toys with each of them indirectly and causes them great annoyance and problems, such as the furnishing of the room. Existentialism is the rejection of any traditional approach to objective understandings of human behavior. Existentialists choose to study and look at individual humans who exist independently of any sort of community, tradition, or law. In No Exit, it can be a perfect place for existentialism to be observed because of how each character is taken out of his or her element to be picked apart and analyzed. Since there is no way out and no mirrors, the characters are left to decide for themselves if they are really there and have an essence. Sartre questions the differences between existence and essence with each character. Each person has died on earth and is left to only survive off of what they have left of their souls. They are able to see for themselves who they really are due to their closed off situation. A mà ©nage a trios has been created in this play where each character must either ignore or accept the judgments of the others in the room. In the beginning, both Inez and Garc in have a conflict about the way Garcins face looked. She did not like the way his mouth turned and she demanded that he stop. He chose to believe her opinion and tried to stop. This is one of many examples of how these characters agree to rely on the opinion of others to define their existence. Garcin allowed Inez to define his essence. Another interesting point about this work is that Sartre did not describe hell as being a definitive place. He allows you to see that hell could be a state of mind. Sartre most likely wrote this play during the German occupation of Paris and so one can conclude that he compared the eyelid-less stare of the valet to the Nazis and their surveillance of the French people. Garcin is deeply bothered by the valet staring at him because of his fear of being judged by others questioning eyes. Sartre practices the technique of exposition, or giving a detailed background to each character, to introduce each character by placing them in an awkward and strange situation. Sartre also foreshadows many of the major points of the play before they occur later on. For example, every character is already dead and yet they still are in denial and continue to think of themselves as alive. They continue to make comments like nothing is different about their lives and refuse to accept where they are at first. Also, there is foreshadowing of the character development between Garcin and Estelle. In the beginning when Estelle first sees him, she recognizes him and connects him with her lover on earth. This foreshadows their relationship later on in the story. Existence and essence is also talked about with the example of how Estelle relies on a mirror to believe that she is really there. She relies on material things to define her existence. Inez on the other hand refuses to let other peop le define her existence or essence. â€Å"She claims that she is always painfully conscious of herself† (Spark Notes, analysis). Hell is other people is also a main topic portrayed in this play (Scridb). Estelle needs Inez to be her mirror but it is not possible for her to assist Estelle fully because they have different opinions about appearance. There will always be a difference in the way they would see each other. Inez greatly dislikes the way Garcin looks at her, and feels like he is always judging her. Garcin also hates the idea of other people judging him for what he has chosen to do and would stop at nothing to prove them wrong, even if it means him staying in the room forever. Both Estelle and Garcin refuse to let go of their pasts and accept what has already been done. They each cause their own hell, and it seems like a never ending cycle of personal torture. They still both act like they are in the past and refuse to look at the here and now, unlike Inez. She clear ly sees her present and understands that the past cannot be altered, and so she decides not to linger on it. â€Å"All you own is here† is an evidently true quote said by Inez that greatly emphasizes the idea of acceptance (Spark Notes, analysis). Garcin, towards the end proves that he has the least amount of self understanding and worth. He is unable to decide on his motives as to why he ran from the war and whether he considers himself a coward or not. He asks Estelle to tell him what her opinion is and relies on her to convince him either way. Just like Inez, Garcin is extremely worried about others laying judgments on him, and fears a lack of control. He believes that now that he is gone, he has left his memory and legacy in other peoples hands to do what they please with it. He gives his freedom to define himself to others. He has now became a being-in-itself. This is the whole reason why he chooses to not leave when the valet opens the door for him. He believes that peo ple will always judge him from the choices he has made in his past, and decides to damn himself to the room for eternity. Sartre powerfully shows that hell could simply be other people by putting Garcin, Estelle and Inez together. Hell can be a mindset and not just a physical place. Just the power of each persons gaze on one another takes away from each persons individuality as a whole. There is no need for physical torture when the mere existence of the other causes enough anguish. Each character loses and ignores their given freedom and responsibility. No Exit is an extremely interesting piece of literature which I recommend to anyone who wants to see an abstract way of looking at life and its many important themes. Responsibility for ones actions, acceptance of others, self-reliance on defining ones self, existence, concentration on looking at the present and not dwelling on the future are very important ways of operating life which are echoed throughout this work. Each character symbolizes weaknesses in which many people have and can relate to. Bibliography 1. Scribd. â€Å"No Exit by Jean Paul Sartre.† Non-commercial copyright. 9 May. 2008. . 2. SparkNotes Editors. â€Å"SparkNote on No Exit.† SparkNotes LLC. n.d..17 Nov. 2009. .

Fate In Macbeth :: essays research papers

In Macbeth, Shakespeare shows how the witches’ prophecies, Lady Macbeth’s desire for power, and Macbeth’s yearning to be king, affect the fate of the play. In Act I, the witches’ chant show how Shakespeare gives the fate of Macbeth, “Thane of Glamis';, ';Thane of Cawdor';, “that shalt be King hereafter';.( Act 1 scene 3, lines 48-50) He has no other choice, but to believe them because there first two predictions were true. They call him the Thane of Glamis, which he is at the present time. Then they call him Thane of Cawdor, which he finds out shortly after that he is the new Thane of Cawdor. Lastly they call him King hereafter, which he realizes is his fate. Macbeth sees this fate in his eyes to be very unlikely and almost impossible because of the current circumstances. His reaction to the witches is “stands not within the prospect of belief';( Act 1 scene 3, line 74), which tells the reader that the witches’ prophecies are a far reach from reality. Macbeth begins to think if he ever had the chance to become king that it would be a great honor that he would accept, “If chance will have me King, why, chance may crown me';.(Act 1 scene 3, line 143) The prophecy of Banquo’s son having power in the future effects the actions of Macbeth later in the play too. The thought that Banquo’s child might take over the thrown from Macbeth makes him feel the need to get rid of him. Fleance, Banquo’s son, gets scared as his father is being killed and flees, “Fly, good Fleance, fly, fly, fly!';.( Act3 scene 3, line 18) After his talk with the witches Macbeth starts to think about their predictions, and how he will have to kill the king. This frightens Macbeth to think about killing his great king, so he decides to let fate lead him into the future.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Lady Macbeth actions play a huge role in the fate of play by pushing him into killing the king. The instant she reads the letter from her husband that explains the prophecies Lady Macbeth wants to make her husband kill the king, “to catch the nearest way. Thou wouldst be great';(Act 1 scene 5, line 13). This shows the evil ways of Lady Macbeth and her selfishness. She does not care if her husband would be in danger when trying to kill Duncan, but what she would be able to do if she were queen.

An Analysis of Edgar Allan Poes Annabel Lee Essay -- Annabel Lee Essa

An Analysis  of  Edgar Allan Poe's Annabel Lee In life, as in death, Edgar Allan Poe evoked a feeling of sympathy from his readership.   Those who knew him well considered him deep, mysterious and contemplative; thus, coupled with the copious tragedies he suffered throughout his life, especially the loss of his first wife Virginia, it is easy to understand how the author brings out the theme of Annabel Lee through personal/setting imagery, repetition of words and rhythm/rhyme.   Annabel Lee honors the memory of Poe's deceased wife, Virginia.   Throughout the poem, his use of personal imagery helps the reader to grasp the intense feelings of loss he continues to experience long after her passing.   The setting imagery is critical to this particular literary piece, in that it is through setting that one gains a significantly better realization of his anguish.   A passage from what came to be the last poem written by Poe before his death illustrates his torment: "The angels, not half so happy in heaven, went envying her and me- Yes! - That was the reason (as all men know, In this kingdom by the sea) That the wind came out of the cloud by night, Chilling and killing my Annabel Lee. "But our love it was stronger by far than the love Of those who were older than we- Of many far wiser than we- And neither the angels in heaven above, Nor the demons down under the sea, Can ever dissever my soul from the soul Of the beautiful Annabel Lee." No matter his efforts, Poe just could not seem to shake the loss of Virginia.   He especially had difficulty forgetting her final days, watching her cough up blood and slowly dies of tuberculosis.   He could not even afford a blanket or handful of coal with wh... ...nd but elusive subtleties.   To be sure, Poe was a writer who incorporated a significant amount of blatancy while also implying considerable obscurity. This dichotomy has served to be the cornerstone of the author's works, which have successfully stood the test of time.   "And so, all the night-tide, I lie down by the side Of my darling- my darling- my life and my bride, In the sepulchre there by the sea, In her tomb by the sounding sea."   Without question, Annabel Lee provides a unique insight into the relationships among theme, rhythm and imagery.   Also evident within the very essence of the story is the manner in which it illustrates the compassion inherent within such a master composer as the troubled Edgar Allan Poe. Works Cited: Poe, Edgar Allan. ?Annabel Lee.? The Book of Living Verse. Ed. Louis Untermeyer. New York: Harcourt, 1939.

Perfect Competition V. Monopolies :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the American Economy, business is controlled by the government and the consumer. When a person is the owner of a business that is alone in its product that it provides for the consumer, it is said to be a monopoly. As a monopoly you have sole control over price. Monopolies are regulated by the government in order to prevent the misuse of power that a monopoly has.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  If a person can only get turkey, for example from one store. Then the store can charge a lot more for that turkey than it could if the store next door was selling it too because then there would be competition. Also, the store would not have to produce a better quality of turkey because there would be no reason for it to do so. In this situation the consumer is taken unfair advantage of by the business owner, in this case the store. Government regulates monopolies to promote a perfect competition economy and to get rid of the â€Å"turkey situation† discussed above. The benefits of a perfect competition economy benefit consumers. For example, if we go back to the store, in a perfect competition economy all of the stores have turkey. Now the stores want to make sure that the turkey that they sell is the best turkey and cost the least. In this situation they are competing for the consumer’s business. However, business owners of a monopoly situation disagree with the government. When there is a business that has the potential to become a monopoly the government watches it very closely and the business has to go through the government for mergers and such. The more the business becomes a monopoly, the more the government says no to the business’s requests. For example, there is Microsoft. The government has been working to keep Microsoft from being the big business that it is today.

Realism vs. Surrealism

Why is he so important? What makes is death so significant? † Realism vs.. Surrealism Books are a major piece in the puzzle of life. When books, a source that points out a society's imperfections, are taken away, humanity is lost. In Ray Bradbury scientific novel Fahrenheit 451 , firemen are the people to start fires, rather than extinguish them, as they do in the modern world. They also investigate homes that are reported to be sheltering books.Owning books and reading books is against the law in this eating, and if any are found during the investigation, the owner is arrested and the books are burned. Captain Beauty, the leader of the firemen, is portrayed as a mysterious and suspicious man, who goes around quoting books during the day, and burning them at night. Later on in the story it was made clear that Captain Beauty has read books in his lifetime; however he turned away from them because he was required to think on his own.Ray Bradbury created this character to show th at the awareness of imperfections in society can, in some case, lead to the missing desire to use the knowledge. Beauty is the type of person, who after learning the truth and reality, returns to the unreality he was used to. This relates to Plat's Allegory of the Cave. The cave that Plato thought of was set up with prisoners chained up, facing a wall that projects shadows originating from puppets behind the prisoners on a platform. Beneath the platform and behind the prisoners is an opening which leads into the real world.The essence of the philosophy is that a prisoner is let go into the real world with the knowledge they have, such as the puppets' shadows. For example, if a prisoner saw a go in the real world, he would think that it is fake, because he accepted the reality of the shadow of the dog projected on the cave wall. The slave then realizes, the images shown in the cave are an unreality. Once they are exposed to the truth they cannot return to the life they once knew. The character Beauty was a representation of a prisoner or slave chained up in the cave.Beauty became free, and he started reading books and questioning society, representing the transition from the cave to the real world. The moment he was exposed to the truth, he did not enjoy it, because he had o think on his own. Beauty then returned to the life he knows is a lie. Despite the fact that Beauty returned to the cave, he read the books so intuitively that he was able to quote them and give them some significance to his life. When Montage felt sick, Beauty visited him because he knew Montage had stolen a book from the reported house they investigated the previous night. He lectured Montage on how nothing valuable comes from books.For example, during the lecture Beauty says â€Å"Well, Montage, take my word for it, I've had to read a few in my time, to know what I was about, and the books say thing! Nothing you can teach or believe† (62). By saying this to Montage, Beauty is tryin g to prevent him from â€Å"leaving the cave† or learning that humanity has many imperfections. Beauty feared that if Montage learns the truth about the society they live in, he will also be cowardly to make a difference and return to the unreality as Beauty has done. Despite the fact that Beauty returned to the false world, his ‘contaminated' mind could not forget the lessons he had learned from books.Beauty's character served a purpose to demonstrate that there is a restriction towards what en can do; however, with all the knowledge of humanity Beauty has acquired, he chooses not to do anything. Beauty served as a very significant character throughout the novel. He is a combination of Montage, someone who wanted to learn about the imperfections, and Mildred, a shallow and a cowardly person. He is similar to Montage in the sense that he read books, and questioned society. Montage, however, wanted to make a difference, so he came up with a plan. â€Å"If you thought it would be a plan worth trying, I'd have to take you word it would help† (86).Montage thought of a plan to sabotage he lives of the firemen by planting books in their houses, having them arrested, and as a result their houses would be burned. They would be left with nothing and they would be in Jail. This would give Montage and his helper, Faber, time to plant more books in other civilian homes. Beauty displayed many of the qualities that Montage possessed, despite the fact that Montage was proactive to solve problems. Beauty is similar to Mildred because he learned all this valuable information, yet he threw it away, because he did not want to burden himself with thinking about the books and hat they truly meant.When Montage shows Mildred, his wife, all of the books he has been hiding, he asks her to read them with him. As they are reading Mildred, who is too confused and frustrated, shouts â€Å"What does it mean? It doesn't mean anything! † (68). Mildred did not under stand why she had to think about the book, and Beauty returned to the cave' for the same reason. He did not want to go through the tedious process of thinking about what the books mean. Despite the frustration, when Beauty quotes the books throughout the novel, it indicates he received meeting from books; however, it was not enough for him to completely leave the cave.With Beauty being aware of the knowledge he has, but refusing to make a change, his death is instantly made significant. Before his death he quotes the famous line from the Shakespearian tragedy Julius Caesar â€Å"There is no terror, Cassias, in your threats, for I am arm's so strong in honesty that they pass me as an idle wind, which I respect not! † (119). Beauty says this to Montage, while he is pointing a flamethrower directly at Beauty, to show him that he is not scared to die. In that same vein, when Montage kills Beauty, before him is the path he must take to make a difference; however, without the obsta cle: Beauty.Montage is no longer surrounded with the constant reminder that books and independent thoughts are useless. Later on in the novel, a terrifying realization dawns over Montage; that Beauty wanted to purposefully die. He says â€Å"Beauty wanted to die,† as he comes up with an explanation for Beauty's unusual wish. Beats desire to die, was because he was not satisfied with what his life has become. He had gone through the trouble of escaping the cave, reading the kooks and trying to understand their content. Unfortunately, Beauty was unwilling to think on his own, therefore he returned to the unrealistic life.While seconds away from his death, Beauty sees an image of what he could have become if he put aside his frustration with comprehending the books ; Montage, a person who chooses to use the knowledge he has gained. Both firemen started out the same way. They both loved their Job, but one day they started questioning society which led them to reading books. Monta ge, however, wanted to make a differ Renee and learn to understand the world that was hidden away from him, while Beauty returned to the cave because it was the easier life to live.Ray Bradbury novel Fahrenheit 451 follows the framework of Plat's Allegory of the Cave, and although many characters have to partake in the Journey of leaving the cave, a single character Beauty, has a unique participation in the Journey of exiting the cave. When Beauty is introduced in the setting quoting books, his character's demeanor takes an unexpected turn. He is perceived as a tough and loyal fireman; however, no one knows that in the past, he was a law-breaker.Beauty was curious to discover the content of those mysterious books and he read many attentively, and received enough knowledge to quote them in any type of circumstance. He became too frustrated with comprehending the books which led to his willing transition from reality to unreality. Ray Bradbury created this character to show the ignora nce of humanity when one must think independently. Captain Beauty was important to the novel because he was a controversy between Mildred, a shallow prisoner, and Montage, a prisoner trying to escape. Without the combination of the two, there would to be any balance.Captain Beauty's death, allowed Montage to continue his Journey with the eradication of his main obstacle. It also was significant because it revealed to the reader that Captain Beauty was miserable living in the fake world when he had already been exposed to the true imperfections of society, and he could not live with himself that he sacrificed a chance to make a change, the way Montage has. Without books, the imperfections of society are not pointed out and many people gain the courage to understand the truth rather than accepting the reality that is presented to them.

Importance of Statistics in Business

The Institute of Chartered Accountants of Pakistan Auditing Intermediate Examination Autumn 2012 Module D Q. 1 5 September 2012 100 marks – 3 hours Additional reading time – 15 minutes Shahrukh and Company, Chartered Accountants, have conducted the statutory audit of the financial statements of Karim Limited, a listed company, for the year ended 30 June 2012 under the Companies Ordinance, 1984.The job incharge has drafted the following audit report: Auditors’ Report to the Members We have audited the annexed balance sheet of Karim Limited (the Company) as at 30 June 2012, and the related Income and Expenditure Account, Statement of Comprehensive Income, Cash Flow Statement and Statement of Changes in Equity together with the notes forming part thereof, for the year then ended and we state that we have obtained all the information and explanations which were necessary for the purposes of our audit.It is the responsibility of the company’s management to esta blish and maintain a system of internal control and prepare and present the above said statements in conformity with the approved auditing standards and the requirements of the fourth schedule to the Companies Ordinance, 1984. Our responsibility is to audit these statements. We conducted our audit in accordance with the auditing standards as applicable in Pakistan.These standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable and limited assurance about whether the above statements are free of any misstatement. An audit includes examining evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the above said statements. An audit also includes assessing the accounting policies and significant estimates made by management, as well as, evaluating the overall presentation of the above said statements.We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion and, after due verification, we report that: (a) in our opinion, proper books of accounts have been kept by the company. (b) in our opinion: (i) the balance sheet and profit and loss account together with the notes thereon have been drawn up in conformity with the Companies Ordinance 1984, and are in agreement with the books of account and are further in accordance with accounting policies consistently applied; (ii) the expenditure incurred during the year was in ccordance with the objects of the Company; and (iii) the business conducted, investments made and the expenditure incurred during the year were for the purpose of the Company’s business;(c) in our opinion and to the best of our information and according to the explanations given to us, the balance sheet, profit and loss account, statement of comprehensive income, cash flow statement and statement of changes in equity together with the notes forming part thereof, conform with the approved accounting standards as applicable in Pakistan and give the information required by the Companies Ordinance, 1984, in the manner so requ ired and respectively give a true and fair view of the state of the Company’s affairs as at 30 June 2012; and (d) in our opinion, no zakat was deductible at source under the Zakat and Ushr Ordinance, 1980. Chartered Accountants Date: 01 September 2012 Required: Identify the errors in the above report vis-a-vis a standard statutory audit report. (Note: You are not required to redraft the report. ) (12 marks) Auditing Page 2 of 3 Q. 2 As the engagement partner, you have reviewed the audit working papers of Samarkand Limited (SL). The audit team has highlighted the following matters in the working papers. (a) Twenty percent of the company’s recorded turnover (revenue) comprises of cash sales. Proper records of cash sales have not been maintained.Consequently, the audit team was unable to design audit procedures to verify the cash sales. During the current year, the company changed the method of charging depreciation on its fixed assets from the straight line to the dimini shing balance method. However, all the required disclosures have been included in the notes to the financial statements. The previous year’s financial statements were audited by another firm of chartered accountants which has issued an un-modified opinion on those financial statements. (b) (c) Required: Discuss the impact of each of the above matters on your audit report. (10 marks) Q. 3 You are currently in the planning phase of the audit of Mineral Water Limited (MWL) for the year ended 30 June 2012.The following information is available to you: Customer Segment Super markets Wholesalers Retailers Five star hotels No. of Customers 12 65 553 7 Balance 10 10-20 21-30 31-90 > 90 outstanding days days days days days †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Rs. in thousand†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 20,014 8,125 5,053 6,396 311 129 14,910 5,078 6,019 3,150 454 209 4,743 1,756 1,798 724 278 187 7,694 2,805 2,793 1,784 201 111 47,361 17,764 15,663 12,054 1,244 636 50% provision for doubtful debts has been made by MWL against balances outstanding for more than 30 days whereas the balances outstanding for more than 90 days have been fully provided. Required: (a) Indicate what would be the basis for selecting debtors for circularising positive and negative requests for confirmations. 06 mark) (b) Briefly explain as to how would you deal with a situation where a debtor confirms a balance which is different from the amount appearing in the confirmation request. (08 mark) Q. 4 (a) Classification of certain items reported in the financial statements is based on the management’s intentions. In such a situation the auditor has to rely on management representations. Required: List the factors that the auditor should consider in evaluating the management’s intentions with regard to their future course of action, as stated in their written representations. (04 mark) (b) Briefly discuss how the auditor would deal with a situation where he is in doubt regarding the reliability of the written representations provided by the management of the company. (05 mark) Q. 5List the substantive procedures that may be performed by an auditor to verify the following: (a) (b) (c) Bank reconciliation statements Payroll Raw material purchases (06 marks) (08 marks) (06 marks) Auditing Page 3 of 3 Q. 6 List the audit procedures that may be performed by the auditor in order to ensure that all events occurring between the date of the financial statements and the date of the auditor’s report that require adjustment of, or disclosure in, the financial statements are identified and appropriately reflected in the financial statements. (10 marks) Q. 7 Discuss the categories of threats that may be involved in each of the following independent situations and advise the partners of the concerned firm with regard to the possible course of action that may be followed, in each case.a) Burewala Ban k Limited (BBL) is a listed audit client of Umer and Company, Chartered Accountants (UCC). BBL has granted a house loan of Rs. 5 million to a partner in UCC. (04 marks) Kamal was the audit manager during the last year’s annual audit of Faisalabad Textile Mills Limited (FTML). He has joined FTML as their Manager Finance, prior to the commencement of the current year’s audit. (08 marks) (b) Q. 8 Comment on each of the following independent situations with reference to the applicable rules and regulations. (a) Zaman is a partner in a firm of Chartered Accountants and holds 5,000 shares in Mardan Limited (ML). His firm has received an offer for appointment as auditors of Khanewal Limited (KL).ML and KL are subsidiaries of Dera Khan Limited (DKL). (03 marks) Bilal and Company has received an offer for appointment as auditors of IJK Limited. The total paid up capital of the company is Rs. 990 million whereas its ordinary share capital is Rs. 130 million. Faryal, the wife of a partner in Bilal and Company, is a director in LMN Limited which holds 50 million non-voting preference shares and 2 million ordinary shares in IJK Limited. Faryal also holds 10,000 shares in LMN Limited. The par value of both types of shares is Rs. 10 each. (04 marks) (b) Q. 9 List the important matters that are required to be included in an audit engagement letter. (06 marks) (THE END)

Interpreting the First Amendment of the Constitution Essay

The notion of being free to choose whatever religion a citizen wants to posses is notoriously known to be a liberty dictated by the first amendment. â€Å"Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof,† (A-18 Brinkley) are the famous words of the constitution. Yet, this same law also states that the legislative branch of the U. S. government does not have the authority to favor one religion over the other. In fact, it dictates that the government must remain secular when it comes to the affairs of religion as it cannot respect any one particular religion over another. Thus, there can never be a national religion, an American version of the Anglican Church, as it would hinder the government from preserving the freedom to choose between religions. The other liberties guaranteed by this amendment were the rights of speech, the press, â€Å"or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and petition the Government for a redress of grievances† (A-18 Brinkley). These are all liberties that allow for the citizens of the nation to protest the government. Civilians can protest through their speech, which may hold accusatory claims against the government, in public areas. Americans are allowed the right to publish grievances in the press, free of censorship from a legislative body, as well. These are liberties that allow for organizations to spread information and knowledge over any form of tyranny they may feel the government bestows onto the population. These are also lubricating actions that more easily allow for assemblies to form and confront the government over such issues. Really, the amendment is a formula for allowing the civilian populous to restrain the authority of the government.

Reading Is Fundamental Essay

Reading is the foundation that a child’s ability to learn is built on. The fundamentals of all learning are based on reading. Research has proven time and time again that reading to your child, even as early as pregnancy and infancy, helps to spark their curiosity to learn to read. By reading aloud during pregnancy and infancy, the ground work is being laid in the development for a child’s love of reading (Promoting Literacy). To help children develop a love of reading start by having books all around. In the words of Dr. Seuss, â€Å"The more that your read, the more things you will know. The more you learn the more places you will go. † (Dr. Seuss). An early start with teaching the concept of page turning, observing pictures, and sequencing will feed little ones curiosity. You can further spark their imagination and creative thinking skills by sharing a picture book without words. Also, reading at bed time will also help small children learn that reading is a relaxing and comforting activity. As children get older we need to make sure we don’t always make reading feel as if it is a task, but rather enjoyable. The U. S. Department of Education found that, generally the more children read for fun the higher their reading scores are in school (U. S. Department of Education, 2007). The answer to how to help children develop a love of reading mainly lies in how we as adults encourage them. Most of a child’s early learning comes from copying what they see their parents do, so if children do not see their parents read then they are not going to be compelled to read themselves. There are so many ways we can nurture a love of reading with children that in turn will help them develop in so many different ways. We read for so many different reasons and it is important that we convey those differences to our children so they can maximize the benefits they get from their own reading. Without being surrounded by people who read then it will be difficult for a child to make that vital connection between reading and enjoyment, thus hindering the development of a love of reading. Children should know books are not just purely for pleasure, but can also be used for a source of information. Once able to read then a whole world of literature opens up and as long as people write and read what is written then books will continue to provide education, information, and pleasure for all who participate. Works Cited Dr. Seuss. â€Å"I Can Read With My Eyes Wide Shut. † www. goodreads. com. Promoting Literacy. â€Å"Bonding With Your Unborn Baby Through Books. † www. earlymoments. com. U. S. Department of Education, 2007. â€Å"Facts About Children’s Literacy. † www. neg. org.

Alice Walker Everyday Use Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Alice Walker Everyday Use - Essay Example However, a deeper reading makes it clear that becoming â€Å"Wangero Leewanika Kimanjo† is actually a rejection of her roots. The name ‘Dee,’ which has passed down to her through the generations of her family, is more a part of her true heritage than the alien African name she has adopted (Hoel, Para. 17). â€Å"She’s dead,† she says of the old Dee (Walker, Para. 27). Dee â€Å"had hated the house† of her childhood (Walker, Para 10). Dee takes pictures of her mother and sister as if they were curiosities and includes the house and a cow, but not herself. She does not see herself as a part of their world. She takes the churner top and dasher, not as treasured parts of her past life, but as â€Å"mere things or aestheticized objects† (Whitsitt, 8), to be flaunted as artistic curios. Similarly, her desire for the quilts has â€Å"nothing to do with traditions, only with fashion† (Hoel, Para. 16). She desires them as fashion statemen ts and as hand-stitched antiques of considerable monetary value. Dee’s rejection of her family and her contempt for their way of life is a definite denial of her heritage. The modest, stay-at-home Maggie, when compared with the attractive, successful Dee, is not impressive. However, it is Maggie who, like her mother, has â€Å"an inherent understanding of heritage based on her love and respect for those who came before her† (White, Para. 3). To Maggie, the articles of their household are not inanimate objects of idealized art, or curios, but are valued as treasured links â€Å"which represent history and tradition, binding women and men to the past and the past to the present† (Whitsitt, 2). Maggie knows that â€Å"Aunt Dee’s first husband whittled the dash† (Walker, Para.52). Although she shares Dee’s estimate of the quilts, â€Å"But they’re priceless† (Walker, Para. 68), their value to her is based on her love of the people who made them.

Professnational email Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Professnational email - Essay Example The third step involves clearly stating the reason for writing the e-mail. The sender needs to begin by telling their recipient that they are writing for a specific intention such as, â€Å"†¦I am writing to outline my response on†¦Ã¢â‚¬  or even, â€Å"†¦in line with your request, I hereby respond to the allegations†¦Ã¢â‚¬  This step makes it easy for the recipient to understand the reasons for writing the e-mail without reading the entire email. This part also allows the recipient have a clear reference to previous communication with the sender. If the e-mail is a response, the sender needs to begin by thanking the recipient (Chan 22). If not, it is still important that the sender briefly appreciates the chance of writing to the recipient. Proper grammar and punctuation needs to be followed at all times. The sentences in the purpose statement must be short and very precise in their meanings. After the brief purpose statement the sender to give more details o n the contents of the e-mail with an aim to clarify their subject (Chan 63-5). The next step is the closing remarks. This part involves showing gratitude to the recipient (Chan 54). The language should be very courteous and polite. A good example is, â€Å"†¦I value your patience and hope that you will consider my remarks†¦Ã¢â‚¬  The last step is the closing section. In this section, the sender should include a suitable closing. Appropriate closing remarks for professional e-mails include â€Å"Best Regards†, â€Å"Thank you†, and â€Å"Yours sincerely†, amongst others since they are appropriate for professional e-mails (Chan 54). The sender should then include their name and signature. The signature proves the authenticity of the e-mail and should come before the sender’s name. After the writing the e-mail, it is of great essence that the sender proofreads their email to check for grammar and spelling mistakes. The sender should then read the e-mail one more time to countercheck on the structure and flow

Shaping Behavior Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Shaping Behavior - Essay Example Skinner whose work with behavior modification earned him the moniker of Father of Behaviorism develop the theory of operant conditioning. The theory postulates that all behavior is essentially governed by the constant application of punishing and reinforcing stimuli. Behavior modification is designed to use a scheduled approach that consistently punishes undesirable behavior while rewarding desired behavior (Snowman, McCown & Biehler, 2012). . This concept as developed by Skinner is seen to be widely used in not only therapy, but also in a number of psychological settings. It can effectively be used in the treatment of a number of disorders including oppositional defiant disorder, autism and attention deficit disorder. In addition to this, the fundamentals of behavior modification can essentially be used to try and increase desired behavior in a given individual regardless of the person’s functional level. Reinforcement and punishment as based on the operant conditioning theory have been demonstrated to be effective in shaping behavior. In classical conditioning, organisms are trained to learn to associate a given new stimuli with biological and natural responses such as fear or salivation. The organism does not essentially learn something new, but instead is seen to being performing in what is an existing behavior in the presence of a given new signal. Operant conditioning takes a different approach as learning is based on the consequences of behavior and can at times involve the learning of new actions (Miltenberger, 2011). Punishment can be used to stop negative behavior among children. In operant conditioning, positive is seen to refer to the addition of a consequence that will serve to deter a child from repeating what is deemed to be negative behavior. Although positive punishment is essential in healthy discipline it

Assistant VP OF Development at Al-Saif Trading Agencies Company Assignment

Assistant VP OF Development at Al-Saif Trading Agencies Company - Assignment Example Achieving of the targets will ensure the guaranteed profitability of the company and that will enable the company to gain market dominance over its competitors (Den 2000). Al-saif Company is a company that intends to specialize in utensils that would suit households in Saudi. The company aims at developing local utensils that were used in the past by modernizing them without any form of deformation (Al-saif.biz) .The Company is one of the biggest retailers in the country and it has a reputation that is suitable for most of its suppliers. The company is also considered to have a financial position that is unique because of the independence and strength that exists in the administrative structures of the company. My plans and strategies My strategies will be aimed at adding more coordination in the administration department. I will also ensure that the customers are satisfied with our services and the suppliers are comfortable with the payment terms. I will also strive to ensure that t he staff of the company is properly coordinated to ensure increased efficiency and productivity (brandhouseadv.com). Strategies aimed at customers The customers are the most important assets to the business. The customers should be the first priority when the company is coming up with any strategy. I will liaise with the management of the company so that we can establish a 12-hour respond time. This strategy will ensure that we respond to the customer’s requirements before 12 hours. Therefore, the customers will not repeat calls to follow up on the progress of their requests. That will lead to customer satisfaction. Satisfaction is a critical thing that customers want from their suppliers (Buhler 2002). I will also request for the establishment of a feedback system in which the customers can give their feedbacks in regard to the services provided by the company and the way that they thing that the company can enhance its service provision. I will also recommend that the manag ement come up with classes on communication skills. The lessons on communication skills will ensure that the customers are properly attended to (Lamont 2003).The class will also enhance communication among the staff and that will ensure that company policies are perfectly communicated and executed and that will result in efficiency. Strategies aimed at the administration department I will ensure that there are policies that will ensure that the administrative department is properly streamlined. I will do that by ensuring that the files of the customers and suppliers are updated on a daily basis to avoid any instances of backlogs or wrong entries. Updating of the company files will ensure that the company has up to date records on the items that are demanded most and the items that are out of stock (Day 1994). The policy will ensure that there are no instances of stock outs in the business and stock out costs will not be incurred in the company. The administration department will als o be responsible in ensuring that that office supplies are available when they are required. Strategies directed towards suppliers Suppliers are another important part of the business. The suppliers of Al-Saif Company are from all over the world. That means that there should be effective communication between the company and the suppliers. My experience in working in different places will enable me coordinate with the suppliers who are from a

The assignment - Background information - You are the financial Essay

The assignment - Background information - You are the financial director of a large, ficticious company called Manac plc, which - Essay Example The target profit of the company is not being achieved and as a result of that it is impacting the entire organization. The company has also adopted several cost cutting methods, which impacted the production and reduced competitive advantage of the firm. The report will mainly focus on three areas of strategic management accounting. In the first part, it will mainly emphasize on the models and concepts on pricing decision. In the second part, the study will primarily focus on role of standard costing and variance analysis in management accounting. The third part is about uncovering the pros and cons of activity based costing. The report will then conduct an in depth analysis of the strategic management accounting. On the basis of that a conclusion will be drawn and some recommendations will be made. Models and Concepts on Pricing Decision The organization is currently dealing or facing challenge pertaining to the issue of profit maximization. The problem is that company is not achie ving its target profit. According to several authors, maximization of profit is only possible only when the organizations are able to implement the models and concepts used in pricing decision. ... In order to cite an example, if the products of a company are priced higher than its competition; it may suffer losses and slow income growth. Such firms ignore the impact of pricing, but later understand when it gets actually affected. Similarly, if the prices of products and services of a company are extremely low, their return of profit will be also low. Hence it is important for every firm that they should consider adopting some of the best models or principles based on which they can make pricing decisions. The model should also satisfy the two objectives of pricing. The first one is to achieve maximum profit and the second objective is to meet the market demand. One of the most common models that are considered by the companies is consumer’s preferences and behaviour. According to this model, it is the consumers who make the purchasing decision and other factors hardly play any role (Heidhues and K’oszegi, 2005). Therefore if the firms closely monitor the buying b ehaviour of the consumers, companies will be able to take its pricing decisions with ease. For example, if the study of consumer behaviour reflects that consumers prefer products that are priced low, the companies will be able to make the prices of their products low by reducing the overall cost. The next model pertaining to pricing decision of a firm is about the market equilibrium. Market equilibrium is actually a situation considered by the firms while developing the pricing strategies. This is actually the stage where the market demand and market supply overlaps with each other. The market equilibrium (demand and supply) is highly responsible for driving price changes (Vives, 2010). For example, if the price of a 3D TV is low in a particular market, the

Scope management Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Scope management - Research Paper Example The study has successfully described certain issues related to project management such as just-in-time training of the employees, the leadership skills of the project managers and their leadership traits, the control system of the management, etc. These are important factors and proper regulation and control of these aspects shows significant results. This is what we see told in shape of Burj Khalifa. It not only represents human intelligence and masterpiece but also excellent skills and hard work of all those people who are being its existence. Burj Khalifa is the tallest building in the world. The year of completion of this project was in 2010. The entire site area of Burj Khalifa is about 104,201 sq m. The project area is about 454,249 sq m. The height of the building is about 828 m. The design of this building involves the use of cutting edge technology. William F. Baker is the structural designer of the building. It consists of about 30000 homes, 9 hotels, 3 hectares of parking land, about 19 residential towers, a mall, and a manmade lake of about 12 hectares. The construction of this project began on September 2004 and the construction of the exterior was completed by 2009. The building was officially opened on January 2010 (Burj Khalifa, 2009). The name of the architect was Adrian Smith. The name of the developer is Emaar Properties. Extensive planning was done before the building was constructed. The Y shape of the building was planned so that the effect of the wind on the building could be reduced. The Y shape of the building was easy to make and would foster constructability. The structural design which was planned for the building was "buttressed" core. Each wing consists of perimeter columns and concrete core of high performance. The result of this was that the tower became torsion ally very stiff. All the geometry was applied that helped

Factors that effect college learning Research Paper

Factors that effect college learning - Research Paper Example This paper attempts to explore all these factors with the help of credible research and then relate the ideas unfolded by research to the process of learning initiated by joining colleges. It should be understood how the negative practice of seeing students as customers only and not knowledge seekers by many college administrators is responsible for decline in college learning and how very demanding parents or students who have their interests based on vocational training alone also interfere with the true spirit of learning process. Understanding the role played by different factors is important as even â€Å"high-achieving students seem less able to grapple with issues that require them to think across disciplines or reflect on difficult questions about what matters and why† (Wilson). The colleges should guarantee such education that students could enlighten the world later on with their charismatic leadership and high moral behavior. â€Å"Students and others pay us lots of money, and we should try treat them respectfully, efficiently, and in a way that satisfies them† (Levine). This practice of seeing students only as customers who could be manipulated and used for the benefit of the administrators by asking them to make big commitments in terms of money on part of the colleges and the practice of viewing colleges solely as vocational training providers on part of students and parents should be abandoned as both these features collectively form a very negative influencer of good learning. Students turn to business schools so that they could be treated there as future business leaders and those schools â€Å"should not, in the words of one of my colleagues, plop students down as pre-M.B.A. goo and then orchestrate an experience from which good customer f eedback is sought† (Snyder, cited in THE EDITORS). It is a deplorable reality and a matter of great concern that the type of undergraduate

Should People Have Autonomy over Their End of Life Decisions Essay Example for Free

Should People Have Autonomy over Their End of Life Decisions Essay There is a lot of controversy surrounding the issue of people’s autonomy when it comes to the end of their lives. Why somebody would want to end their life prematurely is a question that puzzles people. So therefore is hard to comprehend why people should have autonomy over such a thing. There has been an increase in the interest of euthanasia and assisted suicide for the terminally ill in recent years (Williams 1997). The most obvious reason for someone wanting to end their life is to end the suffering they are going through once the illness goes beyond being bearable. Palliative care is an important part of treating a seriously ill patient. It provides a patient with care, support and any medical treatment they need including pain relief. But is this enough? A person that is extremely sick, for example, a terminally ill cancer patient, or a person that is paralysed from the neck down, or any person that is unable to do things for themselves – such as washing, eating etc., will need to depend on others to help them. This would involve somebody dressing them, washing them, feeding them – or having being fed via I.V., they would need help going to the toilet and may need to be lifted in and out of a bed. These peoples quality of life would be very low. They may be depending on family members for these things or medical professionals that are strangers to them. Either way, this can be an embarrassing and upsetting for a person. They may feel like they have lost all sense of dignity and some might feel like they are just waiting to die. People in these situations may often decide that the best option for them is to end their physical and emotional pain. If a doctor cannot improve an individual’s quality of life and they make that decision to end their suffering, the patient should have right to have their wishes met. Those that request assistance in dying are usually very desperate and do not see any other option. There are vast amounts of arguments against autonomy at the end of ones life too. Religious perspectives. consequences on family, friends and healthcare professionals. Is it ethical? Would it begin a slippery slope towards involuntary euthanasia? But are these arguments and opinions stronger than a person’s right to choose? The Argument The subject of euthanasia is very controversial because there are very strong arguments at both ends of the spectrum. There are any justifications for and against the issue of one’s autonomy over their end of life decision. Paterson (2008) states that religion plays a role in many people’s decisions against voluntarily ending one’s life. Most religions are strongly opposed to the idea that a person should want to end their own life and/or aid an individual in doing so. Other factors come into play such as conscience and morality. Some people see it as unlawful and more often than not, it is a very taboo subject that people would rather not discuss. (Paterson, 2008) On the opposite end of the spectrum, one will argue that those who are terminally ill are going through unbearable suffering, they may need help going to the bathroom, eating and drinking and possibly feel like they have lost their dignity because of this. In an online article written for the Daily Mail, a man by the name of Tony Nicklinson describes his life as â€Å"miserable, demeaning and undignified† (Miller, 2012). The article describes how Nicklinson is mentally sound but physically paralysed from the neck down and took his plea for his right to die to the courts. This emphasises that euthanasia and assisted suicide can be a relief from pain and suffering, or in Tony Nicklinson’s case, an alternative to the quality of life he must struggle through on a daily basis. (Miller, 2012) Many factors come into play when a person decides they no longer want to live. It is not a decision that is made lightly. It is one of desperation. Those opposed to the idea of assisted suicide and euthanasia will argue that a patient in severe pain and suffering in their daily living, will receive the appropriate palliative care thus, rendering euthanasia unnecessary (Anti-euthanasia arguments 2012) But surely palliative care is also a necessary element in figuring out whether or not a person would be deemed eligible if euthanasia were an option for them. Palliative care also provides support for those closest to a patient. If a terminally ill patient of sound mind wishes to end their pain and suffering, does that mean that they and their close family and friends are no longer entitled to the same care and support as those patients that do not choose to end their lives earlier? Under the subtitle ‘Proper Palliative Care’, an article on the BBC website states â€Å"The key to successful palliative care is to treat the patient as a person, not as a set of symptoms, or medical problems.† (Anti-euthanasia arguments 2012) If this is the case, the patient as a person – should be given their dignity, respect and deserve to have their voice heard. â€Å"The judgement – as to whether a life, in the face of intractable pain and suffering, is worth living – can and should be determined by the conscience of the individual patient []† (Paterson, 2008. p16) An article for the Irish Times declares that the attitudes of the irish people towards euthanasia is rapidly changing. A study carried out by a Canadian student, Matthew Carere on final year medical students in UCC, reveals that the majority – almost 60% were in favour of euthanasia, with Carere stating that the reason for this was that patients are more informed these days to make their own decisions and that medical professionals have more respect for patient autonomy (Roseingrave, 2011). Very often, deliberate decisions are made which results in the end of a life. For example, a person could be kept on life support, but instead, a family member or other significant person might choose to switch off the life support machine resulting in the official death of a patient. There is also the case that resuscitation of a patient may eventually prove to be trivial and a doctor might suggest just making the patient as comfortable as possible until their eventual passing. In the above situations, a medical professional’s decisions would not be questioned or doubted. It is conventional practice (Warnock and MacDonald 2008). An organisation called Exit International was set up in 1997 by Dr. Philip Nitschke. They believe that people have the right to make an informed decision about when and how they will bring their life to an end. They provide information and support to those that need it on assisted suicide and voluntary euthanasia (About Exit International 2012) â€Å"Exit’s long term goal is responsible and ethical law reform. The Swiss model of decriminalising assisted suicide is the preferred model.† (About Exit International 2012) At the moment the Netherlands is the only place in the world that one can legally take action should they decide it’s their time to go (Griffiths and Weyers 1998). It was legalised fully in the year 2000. Prior to this doctors could still be prosecuted by law. However, there are strict guidelines that must be met. â€Å"1. Adult patients must be beyond any hope of recovery and face continuous unbearable pain. 2. The patient must make repeated, clear and reasoned requests to do so. 3. A second physician must be consulted. 4. The action must be carried out in a medically approved manner. 5. parental consent is required for patients under 16 years old.† (Legalized Euthanasia 2007) In Switzerland, active euthanasia is illegal but with specific consent, doctors may provide the drugs but the patient must be the one to take them voluntarily. (Legalized Euthanasia 2007) A person’s right to choose is very imminent. Considering the criteria that must be met in the Netherlands and Switzerland, it’s very obvious that it is only an option if it is in the very best interest of the patient. This makes sense if one considers prolonging the suffering of a patient both physically and mentally as cruel and unethical. Conclusion The term ‘suicide’ brings with it a lot of negative emotions. The idea that somebody would willingly want to end their lives is a distressing thought. It conjures up the idea that a person is depressed and in deep emotional pain. The idea of suicide is indeed scary. This, perhaps may be why people panic when they hear the term ‘assisted-suicide’ or when they think about euthanasia. What those opposed to the idea of prematurely ending a life do not think about though, is the physical as well as the emotional pain a terminally ill person is feeling. They can empathise but not fully understand, unless they are in the same or similar situation. So, who are they to deny a human being their free will and choice to end their suffering? How do they know that they would not feel the same way if they were the ones going through the unbearable pain and lack of dignity? â€Å"Furthermore it is argued, we ourselves have an obligation to relieve the suffering of our fell ow human beings and to respect their dignity.† (Andre, Velasquez 2012) People against the idea of assisted suicide and euthanasia will speak of the guilt of allowing a person to seek an end to their own lives. But where is their guilt in watching an individual, perhaps a loved one in relentless pain? Where is their compassion for the terminally ill patient? (Andre and Velasquez 2012) Thos people may also talk about a ‘slippery-slope’ to involuntary suicide. the legalisation of euthanasia and assisted suicide under certain circumstances, would mean legislation – criteria that needs to be met, similarly, if not the same as that of Netherlands. â€Å"with safeguards, the law should permit it and people should be supplied with the means to take their own life or a doctor should be authorized to end their life provided the request is made before witnesses.† (Williams 1997) People of sound mind should have autonomy over what they want to happen at the end of their life, they should have the choice. Williams (1997) suggests that if one rationally decides that they want to end their life, they must be prepared to discuss the pros and the cons of their decision and the reasons behind those decisions will be questioned. He writes that we all have a right to make a decision on our own life and once their unit of family and friends is taken into account, then it can be justifiable to deliberately end a life. This is completely understandable and logical. People would no longer have to endure excruciating pain and struggle through the end of their lives without dignity. If they have autonomy, they have the choice to end their suffering and pain.

Development of police -Time line history Essay Example for Free

Development of police -Time line history Essay The Roman Vigiles are recognized world over as the first police force. Gaius Octavius who was Julius Caesars’ grandnephew created this â€Å"non-military and non-mercenary police† in 27 B.C. (Berg, B.1998) The creation of the force followed the assassination of Julius Caesar and Gaius sought to reform the Roman society as a form of revenge. This was done once Gaius ascended to power to become Augustus Caesar the â€Å"first emperor of Rome.† (Berg, B.1998) However it was not until the 17th century that elements of policing started being practiced in the US after being adopted from the English watch system. This system was to later evolve to the American watch system, which had a form of silent, and unseen policing based on â€Å"hue and cry.† (Berg, B.1998) Among the first parts to adopt this system was the Boston night watch formed in 1631; this system enlisted 6 watchmen, a constable and many volunteers. American policing is normally classified into 3 distinct eras that are discussed below. The political Era (1840-1930) The major characteristic of this era was the close relationship between the police on one hand and politicians on the other. This relationship in most cases was geared towards â€Å"making the politician happy† The police system was very decentralized and its main purpose was to provide basic social services. Inherent in the police system during this era was the endemic corruption. http://www.realpolice.net/police-history.shtml   Sometimes this era is called the â€Å"Spoils Era† which called for large-scale adaptation to the social changes that were taking place in America. This era is named so because as the term puts it â€Å"to the Victor go the spoils† whereby the political class in big cities often controlled their municipal police. http://www.realpolice.net/police-history.shtml During the period of 1835 America was hit by numerous Industrial and race riots, which involved mostly the Native Americans and the immigrant Irish. In response to these riots, the police force was assigned the function of controlling them. However, because the type of system used was variably inadequate and ineffective the answer was found in police officers that would be salaried. (Walker, S.1998) 1845 marked the beginning of a salaried police force in America. This was in New York City where the police were called â€Å"coppers† because of the copper star badges they wore. They worked throughout, day and night mainly to control riots. http://www.realpolice.net/police-history.shtml The â€Å"coppers† were armed with guns and were usually trained to think smarter than their working class counter parts. This system was to soon spread to other states like Boston where detectives and informants were being used and Philadelphia with the characteristic â€Å"mug shots.† http://www.realpolice.net/police-history.shtml The Texas Ranger which was founded in 1845 is mentioned as the first state police organization and it is always well remembered for the atrocities against Mexicans and â€Å"Comanche tribes.† However, the Pennsylvania Constabulary is generally accepted as the first professional state police agency. The constabulary initial functions was to aide mine-owners against strikes in the mines. (Walker, S. 1998) The California Gold Rush of 1848 prompted the formation of Federal police agencies that included the Border Patrol, the IRS, Postal Inspector and the Secret Service. In1855 Allan Pinkerton was a model for federal investigators after founding the Pinkerton’s private security agency. Other agencies that sprouted up during this time were Holmes Burglar Alarm Company and the Brinks and Wells Fargo armored delivery services. By early 20th century the Spoils era was coming to a close, ending in 1900 when the Pendleton Act came into being. This Act was mainly enforced by a civil service system to fight corruption and nepotism. Several innovations were made, and the form of policing shifted from â€Å"brawn to brain†. (Berg, B.1998) During this time professionalism took center stage and led to the formation in 1902 of the International Association of Chiefs of police (IACP). Richard Sylvester became the body’s first president; he was also the Washington D.C.P.D chief and is widely recognized as the â€Å"father of police professionalism.† Many aspects of paramilitary policing were developed during this time. (Walker, Samuel 1977) By 1918, August Vollmer as the chief of the Berkeley P.D became   â€Å"the patriarch of police professionalism†. During his time, for the first time in America advancement in crime labs and finger printing were realized, more and bigger police stations were built accompanied by change of job titles. The professionalism saw the establishment of police unions at the bottom ranks. (Walker, Samuel 1977) In 1915, the Fraternal Order of Police (FOP) was established. The establishment of the Federation Of State County Municipal Employees (AFSCME), and the International Conference Of Police Association (ICPA), the umbrella group of teamsters, followed this. Another aspect of this era was the involvement of citizen groups in the police reforms a notable model was the Chicago Crime Commission. The commission was more of civilian oversights board that sort to bring intellectual ideas about causes of crime. During this era policewomen were given the chance to do real police work, for the first time. Another peculiar development during this era was the Volstead Act on the 18th Amendment or Prohibition in 1919.This was an era characterized by gangsterism of such renowned gangsters like Al Capone and John Dilinger. It was also a time during the Great Depression where there was widespread unemployment and law was unenforceable. Thus the main function of the police during this time was fighting crime because the number of gangsters had increased and they had become more organized. It was this period that is often described as the Prohibition Era when attempts were made to ban alcohol sales and consumption. (Walker, S. 1998) All together there was an escalation of such crimes as kidnapping, daylight bank robberies and drive by shooting. The police were under intense pressure to contain the runaway crime and most time resorted to the use of brute force including the use of dirty tricks. Notable police leaders who emerged during this time were J.Edgar Hoover and Elliot Ness. They often used covert means and latest technology to check on the raising crime. The advent of the two ways radio, the police car and the telephone transformed greatly the policing system to become a more reactive system. (Gaines, L. Vaughn J. 1999) The Reform Era (1830-1980)   The reform era was ushered in by various transformations that started taking place in the police system in the 1920s led by August Vollmer who was Berkeley, California Police Chief (Carte, G. E. 1975). During this era new technology started being adopted and greater professionalism enhanced (Walker, Samuel 1977). Such professionalism centralized the command and control of the police operations. Such officers like O.W Wilson who introduced professionalism in Wichita, Kansas and the Chicago police drastically reduced corruption. Here training of the police was greatly emphasized. (Bopp, W 1977) O.W. Wilson introduced various strategies like rotation of officers from one community to another to reduce corruption incidences, strict merit promotion system, and higher salaries to attract professionals and aggressive recruiting drives. (Bopp, W 1977) However, there remained a bad relationship between the police on one hand and the minority communities on the other because of the highly autocratic police leaders. The police during this period despite of the reformations concentrated more on felonies and other serious crimes. (Bopp, W 1977) The 1960s were marked by urban unrests that included movements such as the civil rights, the Vietnam, the student rights and counterculture. There was an escalation of serial and mass murders with an increased number of police killed in the line of duty that averaged 100 annually. The crime rates soared tripling during this period. (Carte, G. E. 1975). In 1968 the National Advisory Commission on civil disorders blamed the riots on the police and following the abolishment of the death penalty 1967-1977,the police were faced with a heavy task of checking on the rise in crime whilst doing it professionally. In 1965 President Johnson formed the Presidents Commission On Law Enforcement And Administration Of Justice whose reports were influential in providing an overhaul criminal justice system model. It was during this period that the police information system became computerized and more emphasis was placed on empowering the criminal justice system. (Carte, G. E. 1975). In the 1970s the interest shifted to the Police Community Relations when the reactive policing approach was found to be ineffective. Corruption in the police force was still endemic and various commissions were formed to investigate it. Such commissions were common and were formed by citizens and financed by the private sector or community groups. (Walker, S. 1998) Various programs were started towards enforcing the police community relations and included such programs as open houses and ride a longs, citizen self defense trainings, citizen police academies and â€Å"Coffee Klatches† or community meetings. These outreaches helped the police realize their public safety function, where â€Å"fighting the fear of crime was as important as fighting crime itself† (Gaines, L. Vaughn J. 1999) The Community Era (1980- Preset) Many law enforcement agencies in the 1990s started adopting strategies of community policing and problem oriented policing. Problem oriented policing that was characterized by a centralized problem pinpointing approach came first. (Gaines, L. Vaughn J. 1999)   Community policing defined as â€Å"a philosophy based on citizens and police working together in creative ways to help solve contemporary problems related to crime fear disorder and decay†. (Gaines, L. Vaughn J. 1999) Community policing is characterized by the incorporation of the public in combating crime, where the police are more involved with the community they police, now than ever before. (Gaines, L. Vaughn J. 1999) It was also during the 1990s that New York Police Department developed an information based crime pattern tracking and mapping system. The system’s purpose was to check the trends and patterns in crime and the accountability of dealing with crime problems is given to the police.